Independent free essay sample

â€Å"Which is right?† I asked my dad, pointing to a page in a book that told the difference between two political parties, â€Å"Republican or Democrat?† He tended to favor a more conservative ideology, and since I was thirteen, impressionable and eager to learn, I ate up every word my parents told me, no questions asked. It wasn’t until I turned fifteen years old that I realized that I had unintentionally been told how to think and act my whole life. â€Å"Children are to be seen and not heard† seemed to become the thesis of my existence. As I got older, I found that I started disagreeing with my parents routinely. I didnt believe in the same values as them or think the same way they did, and it often led to abrasive, fleeting arguments. Almost always I was immediately shot down for being an inexperienced kid. It was not just because I was a teenager now either- it was because I was starting to think for myself and break free from my confining upbringing. We will write a custom essay sample on Independent or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When I had changed my political ideology to one of my own, my family- including aunts, uncles, grandparents and cousins- would harass me and attempt to disprove nearly every word out of my mouth. They would single me out, asking me questions they knew I could not answer. They called me names like â€Å"snowflake† and â€Å"libtard† and perhaps found comfort in saying that I did not know what I was talking about.My lack of support on my opinions and feelings seemed a game to them- they treated me as if it were just a phase I would soon grow out of. This conflict and inherent invalidation of my thoughts essentially drove me to become disinterested in politics and to stay silent. Yet again at fifteen, I had an important decision to make- to play soccer my freshman year or focus on school. I had played soccer my entire life- since I was three years old. I was constantly told I was the best defender the team had ever had and I wasn’t allowed to stop playing. My father was captain of his high school soccer team, and he had been my assistant coach for years. My mom was incredibly involved with our team’s management and the â€Å"soccer mom† community. So when it came time to decide, I felt obligated to play because of my history and involvement with the team. I didnt want to disappoint anyone by not playing, but I didn’t know if Iwanted to spend my next four autumns devoted to such a competitive team. I was completely torn, but I eventually decided against playing. My parents and teammates expressed extreme disappointment which didnt make me feel supported or confident in my choice, but I was finally learning that it was okay to do wh at I wanted to do. Ive learned that making my own choices, no matter how insignificant, is liberating and freeing, even in the smallest of senses. My parents and I still don’t always see eye to eye but as I become more independent, they respect my decisions and challenge me to stand up for myself, building my morale each and every day.

Process of internationalization of Japanese manufacturing company Essays

Process of internationalization of Japanese manufacturing company Essays Process of internationalization of Japanese manufacturing company Paper Process of internationalization of Japanese manufacturing company Paper This study was written to reexamine the procedure of internationalisation of one Nipponese fabricating company in Singapore. Impacts from fiscal crisis in twelvemonth 2008 forced the group companies to exert cost-cutting steps in their planetary operations, and localisation is the lone manner to salvage costs and to maximise the use of local expertness and reactivity to run into planetary competition. The reappraisal focuses on several front-end facets of international HRM activities during the procedure of internationalisation. Literature reappraisal on the subjects of strategic IHRM, staffing systems, cultural differences and expatriate choices were studied and compared with the current organisation construction and its HR direction attacks and patterns. Issues and jobs arises from expatriate assignments were reviewed for future development. Comprehensive rating activities and countries of betterment were recommended for the company to jump frontward. 1. Strategic Human Resources Management in International Context Strategy Human Resources Management ( SHRM ) is a procedure that allowed a company to convey its nucleus resources together for strategic planning, for illustration nucleus competence, nucleus procedures, cultural, construction and human resource to aline with the company scheme to accomplish its end and aims, see figure 1. Figure: 1 In the context of international field where the house operation involves in assorted states and using different national classs of work forces, the SHRM will look into broader position, for illustration in the country of six identified human resource activities in domestic context internationalisation [ Dowling P.J 2008 ] . Some of the extra international HRM s activities implemented by the HR section when Mastec progressed into internationalisation are given in Table 1. The nomenclature of employee class are such as, I ) PCN: employees born and unrecorded in parent ( place ) state ( headquarter ) , two ) HCD: employees born and raised in the host state ( where the subordinate operate, and three ) TCN: employees born in a state other than the host and parent state, were introduced into the company human resource system. The execution of the strategic IHRM depends on the phase of the company at during the procedure of internationalisation. Adler and Ghadar s theoretical account ( 1990 ) based on Vernon s life-cycle theory distinguishes three stages in the international merchandise life-cycle [ H. Scullion, 2005 ] . The first stage ( high-tech ) focuses on merchandises, research and development that stressing on proficient competence and function of functional country. The 2nd stage ( growing and internationalisation ) concentrates on concern growing and market incursion in local and foreign state. The 3rd stage ( adulthood ) put force per unit area on the lower monetary value and cost-control steps due to planetary competition. In the modern engineering universe, merchandise life-cycle has been shortened to 3~5 old ages, which allowed Adler and Ghader to propose a 4th stage. The 4th stage accent that a house must prosecute distinction and planetary integrating in order to accomplish cost-contro l steps. This is the chief ground for headquarter in Japan to reorganise the concern construction in Southeast Asia. The parent company has seen the adulthood of the market in Southeast which triggered their determination to implement cost-control steps. However, item examines at each of the subordinate shown that there are mixture of stages which the subordinates are sing. For illustration, Vietnam and India are in the first stage which focuses on merchandises and developing proficient competence. Human Resource Activities International Human Resource Activities Human resource planning administrative activities in foreign subordinate, cross-border hazards direction, political hazard, terrorist act and public assistance Staffing Staffing attack in subordinates in Vietnam, India, Thailand and Malaysia. Recruitment of HCNs for host-country operation, etc. Training and Development Cross-cultural preparation, linguistic communication interlingual rendition, pre-departure preparation Performance direction Evaluation of expatriate public presentation, abroad assignment ROI rating and staffs rating for foreign subordinate Compensation and Benefits Tax equalisation, abroad lodging and poster allowances, return air ticket benefits, health-care, etc. Industrial Relationship different revenue enhancement jurisprudence, conformities with host authorities policy, and conformities with general acceptable pattern of making concern. Table: 1 The other attack to strategic IHRM execution was contributed by the two logic of Evans and Lorange which suggested product-market logic and social-culture logic [ Evans A ; Lorange, 1989 ] . Both raise a inquiry how a house operates in a different merchandise markets and diverse social-culture environment, which efficaciously set up human resource policies. Product-market logic implied that assorted stages of green goods life-cycle demand different focal points of director which dictates the HR activities to concentrate on nucleus competence, entrepreneurial accomplishments and proficient know-how. Social-culture logic suggested that for a house to run in assorted counties, using people from difference social-culture backgrounds influences HR activities into supplying preparation and instruction of cultural difference. Concentrating on promoting unfastened communicating, an open-minded hearing, detering silo and easing activities that required less sentence construction will a cquire around linguistic communication and cultural different barriers [ H. Buknall, 2005 ] . The statement stressed the of import of willingness to listen, allowing the other party to clear up any uncertainty without doing self premise to accomplish effectual communicating. Since Mastec had gained the position of regional headquarter in twelvemonth 2009, the HR activities had started to look into above demand, but the execution procedure is still at a learning phases. This is the ground why merely exile from Singapore was allocated to subordinate operation in Vietnam, whereas Thailand and India still managed straight from Japan. The effectivity of current organisation construction to pull off the subordinate and how effectual it can execute its function as regional headquarter and keeping the similar degree of corporate authorities as earlier demand to be evaluated. 2. Staffing Approach and Human Resource Orientation As a house come oning toward internationalisation, direction and command go more complex due to operation in geographical scattering and multiculturalism. In leveraging those factors, the transnational house can follow centralized or decentralized attack which of all time fits the complexness of its environments. Majority of Taiwanese s MNC likes Foxconn and Acer Computer practising centralized control system. Prahalad and Doz refer centralised attack as global integrating with rigorous control and determinations doing from headquarter. Decentralized attack is more towards local responsive that gives some determination doing liberty to its subordinate in order to best modify it merchandise and services to run into local market demands [ Prahalad, 1987 ] . Typical decentralized control company is a joint venture confederations. One of a mention company which operates really successfully under decentralized system is Johnson A ; Johnson. The IHRM literature used four attacks to pull offing and staffing its subordinate, called ethnocentric, polycentric, geocentric and regiocentric [ Perlmutter, 1979 ] . Through these four types of direction orientations, companies can clearly alter from one orientation to another, depending on the demands of the company [ Mujtaba, 2006 ] . This statement was proven by the determination of headquarter to alter direction system in Southeast from pure ethnocentric to regiocentric. Detail accounts of each type of the staffing approached are given as follows: 2.1 ) Ethnocentric. Is a staffing attack where subordinates are managed by staffs from PCN. In ethnocentric attack, PCNs are dispatched to make full in cardinal place of a subordinate in host-country. The head set of direction is what work at place, will work here [ Guergana K.S. A ; Mujtaba, 2009 ] . Some of the grounds to prosecute ethnocentric direction system are deficiency of qualified personal, competence or particular proficient cognition in HCNs. The demand for centralized control, hazard direction, needs for parent-subsidiary to keep good communicating and coordination are another grounds to pattern ethnocentric direction. However, there are several restrictions associated with ethnocentric system where HCNs has limited chance for calling publicity and leads to high turnover. Adaptation of exiles to host state takes much longer clip and frequently leads to hapless determination and cross-cultural struggle may happen [ Zeira, 1976 ] . High runing cost to prolong exiles disbursals being viewed as undue by HCNs. Typical illustration of ethnocentric attack company are Nipponese houses such as Panasonic, Sony and Hitachi. In Mastec organisation, the staffing attack for subordinates in Thailand, Vietnam and India adopted ethnocentric system due to miss of competence of HCNs and the demands for corporate communicating. Most of the clients in India and Thailand are Nipponese makers, hence an exile with Nipponese linguistic communication ability to pass on with client s parent company in Japan is still critical. 2.2 ) Polycentric In polycentric staffing attack, transnational houses rely on the HCN to run the concern operation and seldom PCN are transferred to foreign subordinate. Each subordinate is treated as an independent concern entity with determination doing liberty. In some instances, PCN belief that foreign markets are excessively hard to understand and therefore a articulation venture confederation was formed. The benefits of polycentric are local subordinate has more purchase to run concern operation and accomplish fastest local response to market demand. Polycentric system allows continuity of direction by HCNs in foreign subordinate. Language barrier, cross-cultural version jobs and high resettlement cost to prolong expatriate disbursals were eliminated. The disadvantage of polycentric is bridging spread between HCNs and PCNs at headquarter due to linguistic communication barrier, conflicting of national truenesss and conformity to headquarter HRM policies. There are possible hazards of subordinat e become federation, isolated from headquarter and non prosecuting corporate concern ends [ Dowling P.J 2008 ] . In Mastec s organisation, the constitution of subordinates in Indonesia and Malaysia was under joint venture confederation and run under polycentric system. In order to keep a sensible degree of control and to supply managerial and technology support, practical assignments system was implemented with frequent concern trips to see the subordinate company by the several director. 2.3 ) Geocentric The direction manner in geocentric staffing system focuses on planetary operation to pull best endowments and resources. Each subordinate and headquarter are interdependent of each other to do alone part based on their comparative advantages. An illustration of this company is Mercedes Benz, where the company beginnings natural stuffs around the universe from the lowest-cost position and assembles their autos in Germany where the best engineering is located. The strengths of geocentric attack are transnational houses able to develop a pool of planetary executive for deployment throughout the planetary organisation. It encourages calling development and publicity of high-voltage executive regardless of nationality. However, in the procedure of roll uping wisdoms and deploying expertness globally, host authorities may step in enlisting utilizing in-migration control to promote employment of HCNs. Extensive international socialization between PCN, HCN and TCN to back up geocentric staff ing system needs centralized control which reduced independence of subordinates and the staffing determination is clip devouring. High cost associated with cross-cultural preparation, resettlement disbursals and the demand to hold compensation bundle with international criterion gives significant fiscal load to the houses. 2.4 ) Regiocentric Regiocentric staffing attack focuses at a specific geographic boundary, but used a pool of directors from the subordinates within the part. Several regional headquarter can be formed such as in Asia, Europe and Middle East which will describe to headquarter in parent state. The regional headquarter additions determination doing liberty to run their concern. HCH will be able to interact with PCN posted in the regional headquarter. Parent company is able to keep sensible conformities to headquarter HR policy and manage hazards control with PCN staffed in regional office [ Dowling P.J 2008 ] . However, there is a potency of federation at regional instead than a state footing. Career chance besides limited to regional degree and deficiency of chance for HCN or TCN to research headquarter working experience. One should retrieve that the four direction orientations are non reciprocally sole. Therefore, they can take topographic point all the clip within same organisation for its sections or merchandise lines [ Guergana K.S. A ; Mujtaba, 2009 ] . The current organisation construction of Mastec clearly showing the application of assorted direction manners within an organisation. 3. Pull offing Cultural Differences Culture can be defined as shared of beliefs, values of a group of individual, ways of thought and life [ L. Laroche, 2007 ] . It encompasses what we are taught to believe and response to any given state of affairs by the society in which we are raised. In transnational concern context that runing globally, one has to be sensitive and understand the cultural ways of making concern. An illustration is, in Nipponese civilization, some of the determination devising procedure is executed through informal progress treatment to make a consensus called nemawashi [ Jon Miller 2007 ] . Greert Hofstede has defined civilization as: Culture is more frequently a beginning of struggle than of synergism. Cultural differences are a nuisance at best and frequently a catastrophe. [ Geert Hofstedea„? Cultural Dimensions, 2009 ] The statement implied that if we have an insight position of different people behaves in different civilizations, we will be given to interact with the people in other states more efficaciously to make successful concern consequences. The Hofstede s five cultural dimensions of survey can be applied to hold broader positions of national civilization. Power Distance: Most of the states in Southeast Asia part exhibits big power distance. In such organisation, most of the power centralized in the custodies of few cardinal staffs. Subordinates have high dependence on their foremans and are improbable to near and belie with their foremans straight. Individuality: States in Southeast Asia are a assorted of individuality and Bolshevism. Thailand, Indonesia and Vietnam are more Bolshevisms due to the people from birth onwards are integrated into cohesive groups, high regard for royal household and household oriented. In Nipponese civilization, individual sentiments about do non be and employees will move harmonizing to the involvement of their group ~ the group come before single. American and Australia states exhibit high individuality where people are more self-oriented. Maleness: Refer to the societies where gender functions are clearly distinguishable. In maleness society male are supposed to be self-asserting, tough and material success oriented. Female are supposed to be more modest, stamp, submissive and concerned with quality. In Asiatic society, particularly Korean and Nipponese company, the maleness civilization is stronger, where female staffs are expected to function tea whenever there is an of import visitant. Uncertainty Avoidance: This can be defined as people tolerance toward uncertainness or ambiguity. It indicate to what widen the cultural intricate a individual to exhibit the feeling of uncomfortable and nervous in unstructured state of affairss. State of USA and UK exhibit low degree of uncertainness turning away whereas Japan and Singapore exhibit high degree of uncertainness turning away. An illustration, Japan tends to hold rigorous Torahs and processs to which their people adhered closely. Long-run Orientation: Long-run orientation versus short-run orientation. This 5th civilization is said to cover with Virtue regardless of Truth . Valuess associated with long-run orientation are thrift and doggedness and values associated with short-run orientation are regard for tradition, carry throughing societal duties, and protecting one s face . Both the positively and the negatively rated values of this dimension are found in the instructions of Confucius, the most influential Chinese philosopher who lived around 500 B.C. This dimension besides applies to states without a Confucian heritage such as Brazil. [ Hofstede, 1994, Geert Hofstedea„? Cultural Dimensions, 2009 ] Beyond the economic and political-legal issues, a state s cultural environment ( communications, faith, values and political orientations, instruction, and societal construction ) besides has an of import deductions when it comes to a company s determination about when and how to make concern at that place [ Bohlander/Snell 2007 ] . Asiatic society comprised of assorted civilizations and traditional imposts inherited from different states. It is critical for a planetary director or exile to to the full cognizant of the several civilization before going for international assignment. Some director can follow culturally appropriate behaviours, but that does non use all the clip in all cultural puting [ Dowling P.J, 2008 ] . Therefore, it is indispensable for HR to set up and facilitates cultural preparation to fit exiles with necessary accomplishments to get by with the new environment in foreign state. 4. Exiles Selection Hiring and deployment people to efficaciously execute international assignment is a important determination because failure in expatriate assignment will do immense fiscal loss, damaging a concern, and distance a dealingss between subordinate and parent company. One can reason that an expatriate failure represents a choice mistake, compounded in some instances by hapless expatriate direction [ Eugene A ; Nic, 2002 ] . Recruitment and choice is a procedure of seeking possible occupation campaigners and garnering information for the intent of measuring and make up ones minding best people for a peculiar vacancy. The factors involved in expatriate choice can be assessed from single and state of affairs facets. Individual factors are one ) proficient ability, two ) cross-culture suitableness, and three ) household demand, whereas state of affairs factors are categorized as I ) civilization or state demand, two ) linguistic communication, three ) MNE demand. Technical ability of an employee to execute the needed undertakings is the most of import consideration, given most of the ground for international assignment is to fill up place . That means, particular accomplishments and competence or of import functions will be assigned to the exile. In most of the developing state such as Vietnam and India, deficiency of HCN s staffs ability required parent company to despatch expertness to make the occupations every bit good as cognition transportation. Giving that ground, an effectual accomplishment of exile is besides of import to interpret proficient or managerial accomplishments to HCN. Cross-culture suitableness or ability to accommodate to foreign environment is important for an exile to run independently in foreign environment. The desirable properties shall include cultural empathy, adaptability, diplomatic negotiations, linguistic communication ability, positive attitude, emotionally stableness and adulthood [ Caligiuri, 2000 ] . An employee with high coping accomplishment enabled him to last and blend into local civilization. Apart from civilization ability, person s personality, communicating accomplishments and attitude to alien are besides of import factors for exile to construct up personal web in foreign state, therefore contribute to successful of international assignment. Family demand determines the ability of household members to accommodate to the new foreign environment, peculiarly partner. The duty of partner to setup new place, plus the down side emotional feeling of go forthing behind a calling, friends and societal support web may do load to an exile and affected the work public presentation. The major causes of expatriate failure are household accommodation doing premature going, hapless public presentations, lifestyle issues, work accommodation, concern clime and repatriation issues, and other chances arise. By far, the biggest factor tends to be a partner s inability to set to his or her new milieus [ Riki Takeuchi, 2002 ] . Break to kids instruction, the demand to take attention of aging parents and detention of kids for a individual parent may do the selected campaigner to reject the international assignment. In order to avoid load of draging partner, the director assigned to India is without attach toing by his partner and kids. State or cultural demand may enforce limitation to use PCN or TCN. Multinational house demand to show that HCN is non available, or supplying a preparation plan to reassign cognition to HCN before the host authorities will publish working license. An illustration is in UK, working license for Nipponese linguistic communication interlingual rendition is easy to obtain compared technology occupations. In some state, working licenses merely issued to deport where draging partner is non permitted to work, which may make accommodation jobs. Or work license merely issues to male exile ( eg. no work license for adult female exile in Middle East state ) . MNE staffing policy is another of import determination to run into company objective, for illustration cognition transportation, direction development or organisation development. The motivational of HCN, HCN s calling patterned advance and maintaining the lowest cost of concern operation besides need to be considered. However, for the ground of corporate control and the demand for particular accomplishments, staffing of PCN can non be avoided. Other situational factors are manner of operation, continuance and type of assignment and sum of cognition transportations will impact the staffing policy. The ability to talk local linguistic communication linked to the capableness to larn local civilization. Differences in linguistic communication are recognized as major barrier to effectual cross-cultural communicating. Even though, many transnational houses topographic points linguistic communication at less of import standards and they view linguistic communication as a mechanical which is manageable by single. Exiles who are able to talk local linguistic communication will be regarded as portion of the local society which make concern communicating much easier and friendlier. The other of import facet of linguistic communication is the ability to understand corporate linguistic communication. Some transnational house from non-English talking states may follow corporate communicating utilizing the linguistic communication of parent state ( eg. Nipponese or Korean ) as a standard manner of describing. Prospective campaigner may be eliminated from the possible pool due to a deficienc y of competence in the common linguistic communication [ R.Marschanp, 1999 ] . Therefore, linguistic communication ability may restrict the transnational house ability to choose the most appropriate campaigner. The demand of Nipponese linguistic communication to pass on with Nipponese clients has placed limitation of expatriate choice in India A ; Thailand. 5. Lessons Learned The determination of headquarter in Japan to alter direction system in Southeast Asia part has put great force per unit areas on Mastec s HR direction to looks beyond local context. Throughout the procedure of implementing IHRM activities, legion valuable experiences have been learned for future betterment although there is no major jobs arise. Those experiences suggested that IHRM does non merely ease and back uping concern units but plays a strategic functions to originate the planning procedure and supervising the execution throughout the organisation. The close coordination between HR section and single concern units in the execution procedure is indispensable to recognize the company expostulations. Several experiences gained are examined below for larning procedure: 5.1 ) Mis-match of outlook: Lack of cultural apprehension: It is non surprise that the cultural preparation was ignored because HR section has taken for granted that Singapore is a multicultural state. The outlook director from the HNC in term of reactivity and local staffs direction have causes conflict under seeable direction system. This had resulted the director to wing more frequently to the finish to decide the issues. 5.2 ) Lack of cultural apprehension: In India, keeping custodies between male-and-male indicate good relationship and trust of each other. However, this pattern has given a civilization daze to the Nipponese exile when a local client tried to keep his manus during the walks for tiffin after a serious concern treatment. 5.3 ) Insufficient expatriate agreements: The last proceedingss determination of choosing a campaigner for occupation assignments in Vietnam has given surprises to the partners. In order to maintain his occupation public presentation, the exile agreed on the assignment and go forth behind his sick parent to be taken attention by his partner entirely. Frequently, the exile has to return to place at his ain disbursals for going cost. 5.4 ) Lack of communicating channel: The above mentioned exile does non has communicating channel to relay his personal job to the company. Approaching straight to his foreman could be misinterpreted into demanding for excess benefits. The issue may be solved if HR could near open-minded treatment or utilizing mentoring attack. 5.5 ) Language barrier: Due to the alone communicating demand with Nipponese exile of clients and possible local campaigner for occupations assignment in Thailand and India was eliminated. This has slowed down company nonsubjective to cut down runing cost toward regiocentric direction system. 5.6 ) Lack of broader position: Due to different compensation bundle for abroad assignment between Nipponese and Singapore exile, a possible local campaigner who has Nipponese linguistic communication ability rejected the offers for occupation assignment in India. The difference of compensation particularly in hardship state has viewed as undue and less attractive by local staff. 5.7 ) Lack of cultural apprehension: A freshly expatriate Nipponese director exercises his authorization to coerce a group of employee to work during the cultural national vacation in Thailand ( Buddhist festival jubilation ) . The director has promised to his client to despatch his employees to back up production and will pay ternary wage for the over-time working hours. Without understanding the cultural pattern of spiritual jubilation in Thailand, he applied pure ethnocentric direction manner that worked good in Japan into Thailand society. That incident caused cultural struggle between that group or worker and the exile. 6. Decisions The internationalisation procedure of Mastec is still at an early phase where there are still many activities needed to set in topographic point to beef up its operation. Mastec need to look beyond its coverage of IHRM surveies in the country of preparation and development, public presentation direction of exile, direction of repatriates, sequence program, industrial relation, and human resources direction in host-country. The issues and jobs that originate could be avoided if the proper pre-departure preparations were conducted before expatriate assignment. People before Products is a doctrine of the laminitis of Panasonic Group company, Konosuke Matsushita ( 1984-1989 ) , stress on cultivating the possible ability and development of workers before concern [ Konosuke Matsushita, 2007 ] . For illustration, Samsung Electronics used internal developed Local Expert plan to develop employees to better understand the international concern environment [ Tony Michell, 2010 ] . We can besides foretell that in long tally there is possibility for parent company determination to travel toward to polycentric system in Southeast Asia part subjected to successful of current agreement. Therefore, it is important for Mastec to implement more IHRM activities in order to show its independence and capableness to pull off the regional concern. At the same clip, it is indispensable to derive regard and trust from headquarter by following strong corporate administration, cooperation and conformities to headquarter HR policies in Japan. 7. Bibliography Peter J.Dowling ; Marion Festing A ; Allen D.Engle, SR. : International Human Resources Management ( 2008 ) . South-Western Cengage Learning Hugh Scullion A ; Margaret Linehan: International Human Resources Management ( 2005 ) Evan P ; Lorange: The Two Logics Behind Human Resource Management ( 1989 ) . Palgrave Macmillan Hugh Bucknall ; Reiji Ohtaki: Mastering Business in Asia ( 2005 ) . John Wiley A ; Son D.A. Heenan and H.V. Perlmutter: Multinational Organization Development ( 1979 ) Addision-Wesley. Prahalad C.K. ; and Doz Y.L: The Multinational Mission , Balancing Local Demand and Global Vision ( 1987 ) . New York, Free Press Mujtaba B.G: Cross Cultural Change Management ( 2006 ) . Liumina Press, Tamarac, Florida Guergana Karadjova-Stoev ; Mujtaba B.G: Strategy Human Resource Management and Global Expansion Lessons from The Euro Disney Challenges in France , International Business A ; Economics Research Journal, Vol.8, No. 1 ( January 2009 ) , pp.69-77 Y.Zeira: Management Development in Ethnocentric Multinational Corporation , California Business Review, Vol. 18, No.4 ( 1976 ) , pp.34-42 Lionel Laroche ; Don Rutherford: Recruiting, Retaining, and Promoting Culturally Differences Employees ( 2007 ) . Butterworth-Heinemanm Jon Miller ( 2007 ) : The Art of Nemawashi hypertext transfer protocol: //www.gembapantarei.com/2007/03/the_art_of_nemawashi.html Geert Hofstedea„? Cultural Dimensions. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.geert-hofstede.com/ Geert Hofstede: Cultural and Organization Intercultural-cooperation and its of import for endurance ( 1994 ) . Maidenhead, McGraw Hill Bohlander/Snell: Managing Human Resources ( 2007 ) , 14e. Thomson South-Western Eugene McKenna and Nic Beech: Human Resources Management-a concise analysis ( 2002 ) . Financial times, Prentice Hall P. Caligiuri: The Big Five Personality Characteristics as Forecasters of Expatriate s Desire to End the Assignment and Supervisor-rated Performance . Personal Psychology, Vol. 53 ( 2000 ) , pp 67-88. R.Marschanp-Piekkari, D.Welch and L.Welch: Adopting Common Corporate Language , International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 10, No.3 ( 1999 ) , pp.377-90 Riki Takeuchi, Seokhwa Yun, and Paul Tesluk: An Examination of Crossover and Spillover Effects of Spousal and Expatriate Cross-Cultural Adjustment on Expatriate Outcomes . Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 87, No. 4 ( August 2002 ) : 655-66. Konosuke Matsushita: Konosuke Matsushita s Enduring Insight-The Heart of Management ( 2007 ) . PHP INSTITUTE, INC, ISBN978-4-569-69112-1 Tony Michell: Samsung Electronics-and the battle for leading of the electronics industry ( 2010 ) . John Wiley A ; Son

Nuclear Accidents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Nuclear Accidents - Essay Example This paper reviews basic nuclear protocol as supplied by engineers and government agencies, looks at case studies of failure, and offers proposals and conclusions. Cases reviewed include Chernobyl, Three Mile Island, and the 2002 degradation in Davis-Besse. Nuclear Protocol Nuclear safety mandates are highly detailed and specific (United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 2004; Health and Safety Executive, 2006; CANDU, 2005a; CANDU, 2005b; IAEA, 2006). Regulations are provided at multiple levels: Local, provincial or state, national, and international under the auspices of the International Atomic Energy Agency. Reviewing these mandates is illustrative for understanding major nuclear failures. The US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, or USNRC, emphasizes a â€Å"strong nuclear safety culture† (2004). They instruct â€Å"managers† to make comparisons between provided principles and day-to-day operation. They argue that organizational culture is as important to long-term safety as engineering issues. Safety culture and safety-conscious work environments are essential, and the USNRC argues that, in fact, there is no tradeoff between safety culture and cost-effectiveness, as the same procedures and policies apply for both. They point out that the nuclear safety of a plant is a collective responsibility. In the failures reviewed in this paper, buck-passing, attempts to duck responsibility and other factors plagued the ability of the plants to cope with problems. They recommend, among other proposals, that Partnerships along the utility corridor not be used to decay responsibility Board members and corporate officers personally assess safety Support and administration departments are briefed on nuclear safety Coaching and mentoring with supervision by managers Production goals be secondary to safety concerns, and this commitment be explicitly stated in production goal review Trust is maintained: Management and labor give concessions to keep the plant's atmosphere trust-sustaining Probabilistic risk analyses used in day-to-day operation Design and operating margins kept under control and review, activities affecting core functionality be especially reviewed The UK's HSE lists over thirty engineering principles that must be strictly followed, with risk erring on the side of caution (2006, 4-80), as well as principles of radiation protection. Shutdown systems, for example, should have two redundant and diverse mechanisms in place ( Health and Safety Executive, 2006, 80). Need for personnel access should be controlled (Health and Safety Executive, 2006, 75). Passive sealed containment systems and intrinsic safety features should trump active dynamic systems (Health and Safety Executive, 74). Each of the failures reviewed stemmed from a failure to adopt a parallel standard. CANDU (2006b) finds that the mechanism for handling problems should be control, cool and contain, or the three Cs. If reactor power is controlled, fuel is cooled an d radioactivity is contained, threats are controlled. This mean that 3C-compliance has to be in place at all times: Emergency conditions or regular, peak hours or slow, shutdown or upset operation, etc. The IAEA (2006) add a few salient principles. Principle 4 notes that any radioactivity gain must be justified by a pressing need. Principle 5 states that protection must be at the maximum feasible level at

World Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

World Religion - Essay Example This report approves that the temple is a place where Buddhist monks and lay people gather to practice meditation. Since meditation requires quiet and concentration, there are special rooms set aside in the temple for groups or individuals to sit on their pillows and meditate. The temple provides lay people with retreats, usually overnight stays but people can stay longer. When a person stays with the monks, they sleep on a simple mat and eat the same foods as the monks using the same simple black bowls. The purpose of a retreat is to simplify the person’s life, to relax, and to concentrate on meditation, so lay people do not get special treatment. The traditional tea ceremony is one of the activities that lay people participate in with the monks. They are also encouraged to work around the temple grounds and to study the grounds and buildings during tours so they can have an understanding of what traditional Buddhist worship is like. All these activities for lay people are me ant to encourage simplicity and concentration. This essay makes a conclusion that it is amazing to think of this place as enduring for more than 1,215 years in the same spot. Even though many events have happened this might have destroyed or disbanded the monks, it continued on even through religious oppression and many wars and natural disasters. This shows that the temple and the ideas of Buddhism are enduring, and even though there is this long history the monks still lead very simple lives. Outsiders can have a little taste of this Buddhist life, too.

Why did I become a Christian Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Why did I become a Christian - Essay Example Islamic doctrinal message is not typically delivered and spread as Christianity is with God’s Word for the Muslim culture appears exclusive for the followers of Muhammad who are disposed to reconcile materialism and spirituality under the context of political setting. Becoming a Christian is entirely and remarkably different as I experience living by faith through Christ and having a personal relationship with God. I particularly appreciate the fact that in Christianity, the values of love and compassion are magnified rather than the rigidity of moral order and punishment for sins, believing that God’s unconditional love is a kind that is sincere, patient, and does not keep record of wrongs (Cor. 13:4 – 5). According to the Holy Scripture, it was through Father God’s plan of salvation that Jesus Christ be given biological birth by an ordinary pure woman after which the gospel declares ‘a word became flesh’ to live among men that the prophecy in the Old Testament of the Bible may be fulfilled. To me, this is something that entails more than a significant event in the history of redemption for it reflects the heart of God by virtue of humility that despite His divine nature, He reaches out to sinful men by allowing His holiness to touch the earth’s ground and take no other form higher than that of us when Jesus was born to live in utter simplicity and thereafter carry out his ministry apart from worldly wealth and power. Basically, Jesus embodies his teachings and I am quite fascinated to discover how consistent this truth holds as stated via Luke 14:11 -- â€Å"For everyone who exalts himself will be humbled, and he who humbles himself will be exalted.† Gaining deeper understanding of God’s Word all the more settles my conviction toward Christianity wherein besides knowledge of the Scripture, I learn to refine my ways by wisdom in meditative prayer and

Classroom Management and Discipline

Classroom Management and Discipline Nowadays, lot of teachers in our country are facing problem in managing their classrooms in schools. Â  Perhaps the single most important aspect of teaching is classroom management. The students are described to be different and some of them tend to act superior to the school management system, even to the teachers. They show less respect to the teachers, refuse to get involve in the learning sessions and even misbehaving in the schools. In order to make sure the learning environment go well, the teachers have to come up with certain guidelines in managing their classrooms. Classroom management is a term used by teachers to describe the process of ensuring that classroom lessons run smoothly despite disruptive behavior by students. The term also implies for the prevention of disruptive behavior. It is possibly the most difficult aspect of teaching for many teachers, indeed for some who experiencing these kind of problems already leave the teaching profession altogether. This problem is not only faced by our local teaches but it is believed to be happening world wide. In the year of 1981, the US National Educational Association reported that 36% of teachers said they would probably not go into teaching if they had to decide again. A major reason was negative student attitudes and discipline.(Wolfgang and Glickman). According to Moskowitz Hayman (1976), once a teacher loses control of their classroom, it becomes increasingly more difficult for them to regain that control. Also, a research from Berliner (1988) and Brophy Good (1986) shows that the time that teacher has to take to correct misbehavior caused by poor classroom management skills results in a lower rate of academic engagement in the classroom. From the students perspective, effective classroom management involves clear communication of behavioral and academic expectations, as well as a cooperative learning environment (Allen 1986). Classroom management is related to issues of motivation, discipline and respect. Many teachers establish rules and procedures at the beginning of the school year in order to control the students. According to Gootman (2008), rules give students concrete direction to ensure that our expectation becomes a reality. They also try to be consistent in enforcing these rules and procedures. Many would also argue for positive consequences when rules are followed, and negative consequences when rules are broken. Sometimes, this application is working in order to manage the classroom effectively but at the same time, failure also happens. Classroom Management and Discipline Classroom management is the reflection of the learning environment of a group of individuals within a classroom setting. A teachers classroom-management system communicates information about the teachers beliefs on content and the learning process. It also represents the kinds of instruction that will take place in a particular classroom. A classroom in which the teacher is completely responsible to guide the students actions by encouraging ands teaching them to be responsible for their own behaviors. The nature of classroom management and classroom instruction is especially easy to be seen and understood from a student perspective. Students have at least two cognitive demands on them at all times: academic task demands which is understanding and working with conten and also social task demands by interacting with others concerning that content. This means that students must try to understand the content and find appropriate and effective ways to participate in order to demonstrate t hat understanding to the teacher and the whole class. The teacher must facilitate the learning of these academic and social tasks. Therefore, the students perspective on the need to be successful, management and instruction cannot be separated. A teacher needs to cater all actions in order to create, implement, and maintain a learning environment within the classroom. Everything a teacher does has implications for classroom management, including creating the setting, decorating the room, arranging the chairs, speaking to children and handling their responses, putting routines in place, developing rules, and communicating those rules to the students. These are all aspects of classroom management: Creating a Learning Environment Creating and implementing a learning environment means careful planning for the start of the school year. The learning environment must be supervised in both physical space and cognitive space. The physical space of the classroom is managed as the teacher prepares the classroom for the students. These questions should be entertained by the teachers Is the space warm and inviting? Does the room arrangement match the teachers philosophy of learning? Do the students have access to necessary materials? Are the distracting features of a room eliminated?. It helps a lot.Teachers must also consider the cognitive space necessary for a learning environment. Effective teachers create and implement classroom management practices that cultivate effective classroom environment for their students. Setting Expectations The establishment of the teachers expectations should be expressed through rules and procedures. Rules indicate the expectations for behavior in the classroom, and procedures have to do with how things get done. Rules can be developed with the students helps in the classroom. The teacher must have the knowledge on which rules and procedures should be used for different environment. It is proven by certain researchers that students who demonstrates high task engagement and academic achievement implement a systematic approach toward classroom management at the beginning of the school year by the teachers. Therefore, one of the critical aspects of managing classrooms effectively, or managing classrooms in ways to enhance student learning, is setting expectations. Motivational Climate An essential part of organizing the classroom is to encourage students to do their best and to be excited about what they are learning. There are two factors that are critical in creating such a motivational climate which are value and effort. To be motivated, students must see the outcomes of the work that they are doing and the work others do. Effort ties the time, energy, and creativity a student uses to develop the the works hold. Teachers also can encourage the students by praising them verbally. It can motivates them to learn more. Maintaining a Learning Environment Classroom management also involves maintaining the learning environment through decision-making concerning students and the classroom. Maintaining a learning environment requires teachers to actively monitor their students. Active monitoring includes watching student behavior closely, correcting inappropriate behavior before its getting worse, dealing consistently with misbehavior, and attending to student learning. In terms of monitoring both student behavior and learning, effective teachers regularly survey their class or group and watch for signs of student confusion or inattention. Maintaining effective management involves keeping an eye out for when students appear to have problems in any field while learning. When Problems Occur Though effective teachers anticipate and monitor students behavior and learning, misbehavior and misunderstanding do occur. When inappropriate behavior occurs, they have to handle it promptly to keep it from continuing and spreading. Depending on the seriousness of the missbehaviors, teachers have to use different techniques to cater them. When students have problem academically, the teachers have to make sure the objectives are clearly given, precise instructions for assignments, and appropriate responds to students questions. In order to create and support a learning-centered environment, students must be very comfortable and feel that their contributions are valued. In addition, students must know how to value the contributions of others, value the diversity within the classroom, and give their best effort because they see it as the right thing to do or something that they want to do. In each classroom there will be a variety of skills, backgrounds, languages, and levels of cooperation. Teachers need to have experiences and skills to teach diverse classes, along with the administrative support in schools. There are many philosophies and styles of discipline applied by different teachers in the whole wide world. It can be hard to decide what works best for a particular teacher. What works for one teacher may not work for another. The best thing a teacher can do is to pick one that he/she think will be successful and make adjustments later if they face problems. Following are some of the most common discipline methods can be used by teachers in classroom: Assertive Discipline. It was created by Lee Canter. Canter believes that if you catch a student being good by recognizing them when they behave, they will work harder at behaving. He also believes that there should be consistent consequences of breaking the rules that are very clear. During early of the class sessions to begin, the teacher comes up with no more than five rules for the classroom. Each time a rule is broken, a consequence is given. If the misbehavior continues, the consequences get more severe every time. At the same time, students are rewarded for behaving properly. This can range from giving them verbal praises or even things such as sweets or foods. A Primer on Classroom Discipline- An article on this manual has been published by Thomas R. McDaniel. There are eleven techniques that are explained that help you achieve control. The methods are Focusing, Direct Instruction, Monitoring, Modeling, Non-Verbal Cuing, Environmental Control, Low-Profile Intervention, Assertive Discipline, Assertive I-Messages, Humanistic I-Messages, and Positive Discipline. Discipline With Dignity This controversial discipline program, created by Richard L. Curwin and Allen N. Mendler, is based on the premise that students are treated with dignity at all times. It is created to build self-esteem and encourage responsible behavior. Typically a contract is created by both the student and the teacher. The contract includes prevention, action dimension, and resolution. The teachers rules must make sense and be fair. At the same time, prevention is also done by the teachers with preplanning to eliminate possible areas of problems. Most important thing is to make sure students are aware of what is expected from them. The action consists of record keeping and classroom management. Finally the resolution component for the teachers is dealing with the continual rule breaker in the classrooms. But, teachers have to remember that discipline should not interfere with motivation and therefore, the students should be taught responsibility rather than being obedience for their own actions in the classrooms. There are some dicline with this method. It is believed that teacher is ought to protect student dignity and the fact there is no punishment. Students frequently select their own consequences rather than the teachers who decide. Teacher responses to severe discipline problems is unusual. Many believe that this should be the last resort for teachers to be used in classrooms when others have failed. Reality Therapy (RT)- This program was created by William Glasser. The emphasis of this program is to help students connect behavior with consequence. This is done with class meetings, clear rules, and contracts. This also includes Positive Approach to Discipline (PAD), which is based on Reality Therapy. Conclusion In conclusion, sometimes even teachers can actually make the problems occur in classrooms become worse, not the students. Therefore, it is important to consider some of the basic mistakes commonly made when implementing classroom behavior management strategies. For example, a common mistake made by teachers is to define the problem behavior by how it looks without considering its function. Interventions are more likely to be effective when they individually commit one of the problem behavior. Two students with similar looking misbehavior may require entirely different intervention strategies if the behaviors are serving different functions. Another common mistake is for the teacher to become deeply frustrated and feeling negative when an approach is not working towards the students. The teacher may raise his or her voice or increase the level of punishment in an effort to make the approach work. This type of interaction may impair the teacher-student relationship. Instead of allowing this to happen, it is often better to simply try a new approach. To avoid this, teachers should have an effective communication with the students. Communication is the key point here and with good approach and mentality, the students problem behaviors can be catered. By times, the classroom environment can be improved all together, for both teachers and students.

angiogenesis blood vessel growth :: essays research papers

PDFG induces proliferation of fibroblasts, microglia, and smooth muscle. It is stored in platelet granules and is released following platelet aggregation. PDGF may also serve as a chemotactic agent for inflammatory cells. Platelets circulate in the blood and are derived from megakaryocytic in the marrow. Like erythrocytes, they are anucleate. However, unlike erythrocytes, they contain numerous intracytoplasmic granules and are the source of numerous proinflammatory mediators. In fact, they are quantitatively the greatest single source of vasoactive amines in the body. They also are a rich source of thromboxane A2. It is their activation that, in part, initiates the vascular phase of the acute inflammatory response (see Fig. 2-13 in text). To have them play this role makes imminently good sense, because they are present in large numbers throughout the circulation, i.e., some are always in close proximity to an inciting stimulus. Vasoactive Literally translated, this adjective means that a substance has the capacity to alter the physiologic state, especially the tone and caliber, of a vessel. Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF), a dimeric glycoprotein composed of two A and/or B chains, is the principal mitogen in serum for mesenchymal cells. Applications include culture of various cell types derived from connective tissue. It can also be used to study chemotaxis, wound healing, and bone repair. Another member of the PDGF family is the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) with endothelial cell-specific activities (e.g., angiogenic and mitogenic factor). Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) [1-3 reviews], a factor released from platelets upon clotting, is responsible for stimulating the proliferation of fibroblasts in vitro [4-6]. PDGF is also produced by a number of cell types besides platelets and is mitogen for vascular smooth muscle cells, bone cells, cartilage cells, connective tissue cells and some blood cells [7-9]. PDGF is stored in platelet alpha granules and released upon platelet activation. PDGFs are disulfide-linked dimers. The subunits of the PDGF dimers are homologous polypeptides designated PDGF-A and PDGF-B chains. Natural PDGFs can exist either as homodimers (PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB) or heterodimers (PDGF-AB). Two splice variants exist for the A-chain (211AA for the long isoform, 196AA for the most abundant short isoform), and C-terminal proteolytic processing apparently occurs for the B-chain (and possibly the A-chain) [10-12]. A-chain long isoform and B-chain contain a cell retention signal at the C-term end, which must be removed in order to release a freely circulating PDGF [13-16]. Two distinct human PDGF receptor transmembrane binding proteins have been identified [17,18].

Methamphetamine abuse

Methamphetamine abuse is a major problem in the United States, as it increases spreads from Western parts of the country to other parts. With its root in the Hawaii, it has gradually spread to the Southern and Mid-west part of the states; and is increasingly associated with unsafe and frivolous behaviors that predispose to transmission of infectious diseases like hepatitis B and C, and even the dreaded virus, HIV.   Of course, the later condition makes it more worrisome for the government, health care workers and Drug agency. It is associated with brain damage, serious cardiovascular disorder, behavioral changes, psychotic symptoms, depression, and deleterious effects in pregnant women. This is a situation where an individual consumes methamphetamine in quantities that are above a therapeutic abuse, without prescription, and for unsolicited personal gains. It presents with short term gains such as euphoria accompanied by rush, high level of activity and increased attention. Methamphetamine is used as therapeutic drug in attention deficit syndrome, and is used to treat narcolepsy, a sleep disorder. Methamphetamine is a Schedule II stimulant. This implies that it had a high addiction tendency and increased potential for abuse. Although it is only available through a prescription that can not be refilled, it is abused by many within the country. Most of these are man aged 18-25white. Etiology The cause of this abuse can not be divorced fro the use of drug for personal or group work. In most cases of abuses [ if not all], methamphetamine is taken as a   neuroactive stimulant to produce short term effects in the individual. Such effects include: euphoria, rush, increase rate of breathing, Increased attention and concentration, Increased activity and wakefulness, reduced appetite and decreased fatigue. It also increases libido. These short term advantages are associated with a good feeling in the user. Besides, it does not last long enough, and as a compensatory mechanism, methamphetamine drub users and chronic abuser engage in continual use of drug, increased consumption frequency. Sometimes, they take high dose of the drug to increase the effect of the drug on their behavior such as improved sexual performance, better attention and increased tendency to work better and more effectively. Methamphetamine comes in a variety of forms. It can be smoked, snorted, injected, or orally ingested. The method that is adopted by a region depends on the cultural behaviour with respect to other abused drugs and the pattern of choice has changed over time. Of these methods, smoking is commonest because of its faster rate of absorption into the brain to produce the desired effects. One other factor that contributes to Methamphetamine abuse is that it is e readily available at local clandestine laboratories. Although it is manufactured by foreign specialized laboratories, the ingredients for its manufacture are readily available over the counter at affordable prices; as a result, it is produced for local use. This contributes greatly to its widespread use. Pathogenesis Methamphetamine is similar to amphetamine but they do not share essentially the same properties of site of action. It is particularly similar to dopamine structurally. Its primary site of action is the brain.   Although t shares certain similar behavioral and physiological effects with cocaine, it is different from it in its mechanism of action. It has a high retention rate in the body. This implies that is not readily eliminated from the system via excretion or detoxification in the liver. Since its primacy site of action is the brain, its absorption and long stay in there increase its stimulant action. Central to this action is the fact it increases the levels of the brain chemical dopamine. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that is involved in emotional motivation, pleasure, and motor function.   Methamphetamine blocks dopamine re-uptake, while increasing the release of dopamine, leading to much higher concentrations in the synapse, which can be toxic to nerve terminals. This has an implication in chronic abusers, their increased frequency of consumption or ingestion of higher concentration potentates these effects and makes dopamine readily available for its deleterious effects on neurons. Clinical Features The symptoms of methamphetamine abuse and sign elicited on examination arise from the euphoria of short term effect, and the toxic effects of dopamine by virtue of long term use. The short term effects have been mentioned earlier. The long term effects are usually negative: one of such is addiction. Association with chronic consumption of the methamphetamine is increased tolerance for the substance. This creates a preparatory ground for addiction. Other symptoms seen in chronic abusers of methamphetamine include anxiety, confusion, insomnia, mood disturbances, and violent behavior. They also can display a number of psychotic features, including paranoia, visual and auditory hallucinations, and delusions.   Memory Loss, Aggressive or violent behavior, Mood disturbances, severe dental problems, Weight loss also form part of features seen in this category of people. Treatment The alarming rate of spread of methamphetamine indulgence across the nations is worrisome for health care providers. It is equally a headache for every member of the community interested in safe sexual behavior, peace and progress; those averse towards violence and communal clashes which have been associated with methamphetamine abuse. In the midst of this sad picture emerges the god news that methamphetamine abuse can both be prevented and more interestingly treated. Since the disorder includes brain damage which presents in functional and behavioral disturbances, the treatment options available are targeted at these. Treatment of methamphetamine intoxication is primarily supportive. Treatment of methamphetamine abuse is behavioral; cognitive behavior therapy, contingency management, and the Matrix Model have proven effective. Treatments by use of drugs are under investigation. REFERENCES Winslow BT, Voorhees KI, Pehl KA., Methamphetamine abuse. Swedish Medical Center Family Medicine Residency, Littleton, Colorado 80121, USA. http://www.drugabuse.gov/about/organization/cewg/pubs.html. http://www.nida.nih.gov/ResearchReports/Methamph Injury associated with methamphetamine use: A review of the literature Hawaii Med J. 1997;56:34–6, 44. [PubMed]; Murray JB. Psychophysiological aspects of amphetamine-methamphetamine abuse. J Psychol. 1998;132:227–237. †¦ www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1448174 Psychophysiological aspects of amphetamine-methamphetamine abuse. From: The Journal of Psychology | Date: 3/1/1998 | Author: Murray, John B. †¦ www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-20565391.html Thomas Ernst, PhD, Linda Chang, MD, Maria Leonido–Yee, MD and Oliver Speck, PhD Evidence for long-term neurotoxicity associated with methamphetamine abuse http://www.neurology.org/cgi/content/abstract/54/6/1344 Methamphetamine Abuse During Pregnancy: Outcome and Fetal Effects BERTIS B. LITTLE, MA, PhD, LAURA M. SNELL, MPH and LARRY C. GILSTRAP, III, MD ttp://acogjnl.highwire.org/cgi/content/abstract/72/4/541   

Comparing Canadian and American Government essays

Comparing Canadian and American Government essays The governments of Canada and the United States are theoretically based on the political system of democracy. In the United States, their particular system of checks and balances severely disrupts the operations of the government. In addition to this, the American electoral process does not operate in a way where individual's interests are the main focus. In Canada, not only is our electoral system more democratic than that of the United States, but our system of government, including checks and balances, ensures a smoother running government which is more able to fairly govern the nation. The Canadian and American executive branches differ in a way which allows Canada to make executive decisions with much more foresight into future ramifications than our United States counterparts. Furthermore, the Canadian legislative branch functions much more fairly than that of the United States. The Canadian government is a more democratic one than the United States government given their syst em of checks and balances, their electoral process and the influence of the people on the legislative and executive branches. The checks and balances system in governments allows certain branches to validate or ensure decisions made by other branches are just. For example, in the United States, the Supreme Court decides whether or not legislation is constitutional. In Canada, the Governor General, under extreme circumstances, may protect the people from a Prime Minister who chooses to make unjust decisions by refusing powers to the Prime Minister. In the United States, the Head of State cannot do this because they are the same person. The Canadian system of checks and balances is less direct and fixed than that of the United States. Canada's checks and balances lie within our idea ofresponsible government?. This is more of a safety precaution than a system. The cabinet is the official ruling body; however, it is not free from the House of Commons. When t...

AMERICAN LITERARY EXPERIENCE Essays - Stephen King, Free Essays

AMERICAN LITERARY EXPERIENCE Essays - Stephen King, Free Essays AMERICAN LITERARY EXPERIENCE DERYA KOLSDAL ELA LOZINSKI 15 FEBRUARY 1999 IT Stephen King is the author of more than thirty worldwide bestseller. Much of his work has made its way to movie and television screens around the world. Stephen King lives in Bangor, Maine, with his wife, the novelist Tabitha King. He refuses to go into the cellar of his home, having come to believe that a velociraptor is waiting for him under the stairs by the fusebox with its eyes gleaming and its nasty little claws outstretched. The reason he writes horror, ?I?ve always written horror...because it?s a kind of psychological protection. It?s like drawing a magic circle around myself and my family. My mother always used to say,?If you think the worst, it can?t come true? I know that?s only a superstition, but I?ve always believed that if you think the very worst, then, no mattered things get (and in my heart I?ve always been convince that they can get pretty bad), they?ll never get as bad as that. If you write a novel where the bogeyman gets somebody else?s children, maybe they?ll never get your own children...? His full name is Stephen Edwing King ,he is marry with Tabitha Spruce, whom he met at the University of Maine at Orono.He has three childrens, Owen Phillip, Joseph Hillstrom and Naomi Rachel. When he was three, King's merchant seaman father went to get a pack of cigarettes and was never seen again. Sometime in 1959/60 King discovered a box of science-fiction and horror books at an aunt's house,and he start to write short stories. Between 1971 and 1973 King taught English at Hampden Academy, living in a trailer and writing for magazines as an extra source of income.In 1973 he became a full-time writer, publishing Carrie. After several moves, he reached Bangor, Maine in 1980. In the words that grace so many of his books... "He lives with his wife and their three children in Bangor, in Maine, his home state and the place where he feels he really belongs?. His books often focus on evil and the result that fear imposes on people. It deals with several children who have a bit of a trouble with a long-living entity who goes on a killing spree every 27 years... They try desperately to kill it and think they succeeded as children... as they are older they find out that the thing has returned... and they must defeat it once again. They come back to Derry to destroy the evil (it). This time they manage to make absolutely sure that they kill IT.Finally they kill the IT.Well each of them leave Derry, and totally forgets anything that happened. IT was a kind of spider at the end of the story. IT is related with Stephen King?s life, he had a lot of problems while on his child hood. He always wanted to forget the past and in story he made his characters to forget what happened.he can?t forget the past and he wants to show himself that he can forget the bad thing if he really want to forget. On the beginning of the story he show the children like a bunch of losers, other kids don?t like them ,they always mass around them. Also a lot of kid mass around him when he was a little alone kid,he wanted to make friends but no one did like him.he tell the hard thing for the characters weary well because he had the same experiences. In the story he tell us about his childhood under different names. Stephen King believes medic, and he has a lot of fears.All most his all books he use magic ,he thinks that magic is exist.Once he said that?Kids, fiction is the truth inside the lie, and the truth of this fiction is simple enough: the magic exists?.In the story characters beat the IT with magik,he believes magic so it isn?t hard to imagine that kind of unbelievable things.At the end of the story IT shows her self like an insect ,Stephen King fraids of spider and think that you are fraid of spider what do you use for fraytined things ofcaurse giant spider.He tell the gint spider perfectly because a spider is

International Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

International Strategic Management - Essay Example In this paper, the writer examines the TBL concept, discusses its possible contribution to business and economic development and how it can be useful to policymakers. The writer will also provide some examples of how TBL can be applied to achieve the best results for companies and individuals. By concentrating on detailed investment results – about performance based on interrelated aspects of people, profits, and the planet – TBL reporting can be a vital instrument to support sustainability objectives. Interest in TBL accounting has been intensifying in for-profit, government and non-profit sectors. Many enterprises and non-profit firms have implemented the TBL sustainability model to analyse their results (Bachani and Vradelis, 2012:19). Interestingly, a similar approach has become popular with governments at the federal, state and local jurisdictions. TBL is an accounting model that comprises three aspects of performance: social, financial and environmental. This contradicts traditional reporting models because it comprises environmental and social constraints that can be difficult to allocate effective measurement techniques. The TBL aspects are also popularly known as the three Ps: profits, planet, and people. Years before Elkington conceived the sustainability concept now known as TBL, environmentalists grappled with models of, and measures of, sustainability. Academic fields based on sustainability have increased significantly in the last 30 years. People involved inside and outside academic disciplines who have investigated, and practiced sustainability would concur with Andrew Savitz’s general definition of TBL (Longoni, 2014:43). According to Savitz (2013:15), TBL encapsulates the basis of sustainability by gauging how an organisation’s activities affect the world, including its stockholder and profitability values and its human, environmental and social capital. According to scholars, the problem is not defining TBL;

Research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Research paper - Essay Example The adoption of the term was in the 20th century and has had a vast application in recognition of human beings that do not fall in the two broad human categories: males and females. In the western society, the field of intersex is very clear in educating people on the various disorders that human beings bear and the efforts that scientists have made in the comprehension of the conditions. Going through the various opinions that scientists, professionals and the general population have regarding the issue is an important step paving way for in depth understanding of the situation. Introduction Many writers in the continent have also made tremendous strides forward in a bid to educate people on the various conditions involved in the field of intersex. Another aspect of the field that has close ties with the main subject is intersex surgery. This is the kind of surgery performed on people with intersex disorder in a bid to accomplish varying purposes. The two main reasons that the surge ry is performed are to either save the life of the person or to address social issues that the person may be facing (Sytsma 106). However, many scientists warn about the issue of genital surgery as research shows that the results got from the surgery are far worse than good on not only the areas under surgery but also the entire body system of the person. Katrina Roen's Views Katrina Roen is a very famous writer who has written many books and articles concerning the area of intersex. She is the writer of one critically analyzed and reviewed article called â€Å"But We Have to Do Something.† The article has had major reviews from the manner in which Katrina focuses on the issues portrayed by various writers in the field of intersex and intersex surgery. She majorly focuses on the issue of cosmetic surgery in the western society in relation to infants atypically sexed. In her publication, she criticizes the rest of the publications stating that the manner in which they feature the female and human body as a whole is not only demining but also bothering the rest of the population. In the 21st century, many changes have been made in the surgical processes carried out, and this has had great benefits to many people. However, Katrina states that these changes should not be a reason for people to always opt for surgery and especially when dealing with young people and infants. Katrina states that the young and infants are rather vulnerable at their ages and getting them through surgery is a rather traumatic process. She goes ahead to state that parents should take responsibility for their actions as anything may happen in the surgical rooms having authorized the procedures. It is not right for children and infants to go through the strenuous surgical processes as they may have a negative impact on their development, and the outcome is never certain (Roen 42). Katrina also states that taking them through the procedures is rather poor as the kids had no approval of undergoing the procedure. She then advises that parents halt such procedures and just wait for their kids to grow up and make their own decisions as to whether they should undergo the surgery or continue living in their conditions. Another factor that she takes into consideration while going around her discussion is about the work published by feminists and their regard to intersex