The Holy Bible: the Ultimate Ufo Encounter?

It tells the story of the birth and death of a savior (God's son, Jesus Christ) and the many miracles he performed wrought his life. However, to some people it is so much more. Some people claim that the Bible disguises a history of something that many people fall to recognize. Vehicles in the sky, angels, and even strange abductions are all detailed within the pages of the Holy Bible, and they reveal a fascinating possibility; the possibility that it is not only the sacred text of Christianity, but also documented evidence of the world's very first unidentified flying object (OF) and alien encounters.One of the most interesting aspects of the Bible is the dozens of passages that meme to Indicate some sort of â€Å"vehicle† In the sky, or what might now be referred to as a OF. One of the most notable stories in the Bible is that of Moses leading the Israelites out of Egypt. Exodus 13:21-13:22 describes a mysterious â€Å"pillar of cloud† that guides the Israelites on th eir Journey, stating â€Å"By day the Lord went ahead of them in a pillar of cloud to guide them on their way and Wagner 2 by night In a pillar of fire to give them light, so that they could travel by day or night.Neither the pillar of cloud by day nor the pillar of fire by night left its place in front of the people. (The Holy Bible New International Version) Imagine being from biblical times and trying to describe a OF without having the modern words to do so. One might describe a large object hovering overhead as being kind of like a cloud. However, clouds do not lead people to safety, and they do not emit a fire-like glow by night, so it is clear that these verses are not referring to a literal cloud.By realizing that this object hovering above the Israelites and leading them to safety could not have been a literal cloud, it must be considered that there was some kind of advanced technology assisting them on their Journey. In biblical runes, this type of advanced technology was certainly not of earthly origin, and that can lead to only one conclusion; If there was, In fact, some kind of object hovering above the Israelites, lighting their way, and leading them to safety, the technology had to have come from a planet other than Earth.In the book of Ezekiel, there Is again a reference too â€Å"cloud. † Ezekiel describes his encounter in verse 1:4 by saying â€Å"l looked, and I saw a windstorm coming out of the north-?an immense cloud with flashing lightning and surrounded by a brilliant light. The center of the fire looked like glowing metal†¦ He continues in verse 1 6 describing â€Å"This was the appearance and structure of the wheels: They sparkled like chrysalises, and all four looked alike. Each appeared to be made like a wheel intersecting a wheel. (The Holy Bible New International Version) In these passages Ezekiel has seen a huge metallic looking cloud surrounded by bright flashing lights which appears to be a â€Å"wheel intersecti ng a wheel†. Toys Wagner 3 In comparing what Ezekiel witnessed with a modern day OF sighting, the similarities are astounding. The normal description off OF is pretty standard. Eyewitness counts usually focus on the high rate of speed at which the object travels; the bright, flashing lights; the shiny, silvery, or metallic color; its large size; and the shape as being disc shaped with a round center.By comparing eyewitness descriptions such as this with the description that Ezekiel gave, it is clear that the two descriptions are uncannily similar. Buffo's travel at a high rate of speed; the â€Å"cloud† that Ezekiel saw came out of the north like a â€Å"windstorm. † Buffo's have bright, flashing lights; Ezekiel â€Å"cloud† had â€Å"flashing lightning† and was â€Å"surrounded by a brilliant light. † A OF is metallic in appearance, Just like the â€Å"glowing metal† of Ezekiel â€Å"cloud. † A OF is disc-shaped with a round ce nter, or one might describe it as â€Å"a wheel intersecting a wheel. † In this passage, Ezekiel has seen something that he has no word for.The object that he saw was something that he could not identify, so he has to describe it to the best of his ability instead. The object that he saw was also clearly flying out of the north like a â€Å"windstorm†. Therefore, by definition, Ezekiel has seen a OF. One of the most well known stories in The Bible is the birth of Jesus Christ and the here wise men who followed a star to Bethlehem to see the newborn King. Matthew 2:9 says that â€Å"After they had heard the King, they went on their way, and the star they had seen in the east went ahead of them until it stopped over the place where the child was. When they saw the star they were overjoyed. (The Holy Bible New International Version) Stars do not move and stop, Just as clouds do not lead people to safety. Looking up at the night sky if is often very easy to mistake an air plane for a star. However, they obviously did not have airplanes in biblical times, Wagner 4 o whatever was leading the wise men to baby Jesus had to have been something that was not of this world. The Holy Bible also includes passages that tell of God's angels visiting earth to bring messages to our biblical ancestors. To many these accounts of angels descending from the heavens act as further proof of alien existence. â€Å"By definition angels are otherworldly.Angels are extraterrestrials. They're not from this planet. So really, by definition, E. It's and angels are the same. Now our modern conceptions of E. It's have changed, but go back thousands of years when angels lived among our biblical ancestors. They didn't call them E. It's. They called them angels, but they knew they were not of this world†¦ Not of this planet. † (Barnes) Bill Bribes, author and publisher of OF magazine said in an interview on the History Channel's series Ancient Aliens. When asked to desc ribe an angel most people would describe a being that looks very much like a human with wings on its back.However, the actual biblical text rarely describes angels as having bird-like appendages, which causes many people to wonder where this depiction of angels as having wings originated. Jason Martial, author of Knowledge Apocalypse, revises an interesting theory. â€Å"If they saw someone, a human being or humanoid, flying in the skies they could only give it a natural review†¦ Giving it wings. I don't think they actually had wings. It was ancient man's way of saying they had the power of flight† (Martial) he states in an interview for an episode of Ancient Aliens.Erich Von Daniel, author of Chariots of the Gods? Adds â€Å"Use the word extraterrestrials Instead AT ten word AT angel . Use ten word AT a leader AT extraterrestrials Instead AT archangel. If you change a few words in the old text, a few key words, you change the ensue of the old text. † (Daniel) Peo ple in biblical times did not speak the way we do in this modern day and age, not to mention the fact that details Wagner 5 sometimes get lost in translation. By understanding this it becomes quite clear that the words angels and aliens could quite possibly be referring to the same thing.The Bible also includes accounts of â€Å"fallen angels†. Genesis 6:1-6:3 states â€Å"When men began to increase in number on the earth and daughters were born to them, the sons of God saw that the daughters of men were beautiful, and they married any of them they chose. (The Holy Bible New International Version) The book of Enoch, found among the Dead Sea scrolls in the late sass's, gives a similar account. Enoch 6:1-6:3 states â€Å"And it came to pass when the children of men had multiplied that in those days were born unto them beautiful and comely daughters.And the angels, the children of heaven, saw them and lusted after them, and said to one another: ‘Come, let us chose us wiv es from among the children of men and beget us children. † The book of Enoch also refers to these angels as â€Å"watchers† or â€Å"guardians of the sky' (Ancientness. Org). The children born from these unions of the sons of God and the daughters of man produced the Oenophile, which the book of Enoch and the Bible both refer to as a race of giants. However, the word Oenophile has also been translated to mean â€Å"mighty men† (Dictionary. Com).Ancient astronaut theorists agree. They suggest that the term refers not to the Nephritis's size, but to their super- human abilities. Giorgio A. Outclass, publisher of Legendary Times magazine presents the question â€Å"Were they giants or is that the wrong word and the correct word should be extraterrestrial? Because then, in my opinion, it makes more sense cause so far I have not seen an original fossil of a giant bone. † (Outclass) The fact that these fallen angels, or â€Å"watchers† were obviously not from this planet is already proof that, by definition, they are aliens.By considering the possibility that the translation of â€Å"mighty men† Wagner 6 refers not to the physical size of these beings, but to their super-human strength or intelligence it can only further substantiate this claim. Enoch himself, it seems, had many interactions with these angels, and with God. Chapter 5 of Genesis is a written account of the lineage from Adam to Noah. It also states how old each person lived to be before they died, all except for Enoch. The account of Nosh's life in chapter 5 of Genesis is very different from the accounts of his ancestors and predecessors.Genesis 5:21-5:24 states â€Å"When Enoch had lived 65 years, he became the father of Methuselah. And after he became the father of Methuselah, Enoch walked with God 300 years and had other sons and daughters. Altogether, Enoch lived 365 years. Enoch walked with God; then he was no more, because God took him away. † (Th e Holy Bible New International Version) The first lien abduction case is widely reported to be that of Betty and Barney Hill in 1964. However, ancient astronaut theorists disagree. They point to this passage in Genesis as proof that Enoch was the very first alien abduction case.Chapter 5 of Genesis makes it quite clear that Enoch did not die like his other relatives. It is also clear that he did not Just go missing. He walked with God, and then God took him away. In 2nd Kings, chapter two there is again mention of a person being taken away without along. Verse 11 AT chanter two tells ten story AT Elijah Delving taken up to nave Ana ascribes that as Allies and Elijah were â€Å"walking along and talking together, suddenly a chariot of fire and horses of fire appeared and separated the two of them, and Elijah went up to Heaven in a whirlwind. (The Holy Bible New International Version) Again, in biblical times they did not have a word for this â€Å"chariot of fire† that descen ded down from the skies and took Elijah away. Wagner 7 They could only describe what they saw in their terms, so they called it a chariot, meaning a So clearly, what is being described in this passage is a OF; it was an object that they could not identify flying through the skies, and it took Elijah p into Heaven. In the book of Psalms there is a very interesting description of God. Chapter 18 gives the account of how God saved David from the hand of all his enemies and from the hand of Saul.Verse 18:6 states â€Å"In my distress I called to the LORD; I cried to my God for help. From his temple he heard my voice; my cry came before him, into his ears. † Verses 18:7-18:10 continues by saying â€Å"The earth trembled and quaked, and the foundations of the mountains shook; they trembled because he was angry. Smoke rose from his nostrils; consuming fire came from his mouth, burning coals blazed out of it. He parted the heavens and came down; dark clouds were under his feet. He m ounted the cherubim and flew; he soared on the wings of the wind. (The Holy Bible New International Version) These passages provide a description that sounds astoundingly similar to that of some kind of aircraft. â€Å"The earth trembled and quaked, and the foundations of the mountains shook†; the aircraft is landing, vibrating the earth as a helicopter or airplane landing would. â€Å"Smoke rose from his nostrils; consuming fire came from his mouth, burning coals blazed out of it†; a picture of a space shuttle taking off depicts the very same image scribed here, only in this case it is happening during landing. He parted the heavens and came down; dark clouds were under his feet†; again there is a reference to a cloud, and God was apparently on this â€Å"cloud†, or vehicle. â€Å"He mounted the cherubim and flew; he soared on the wings of the wind†; one definition of Wagner 8 cherubim is â€Å"a celestial being†, so the description here is quite clear. God mounted this celestial vehicle and flew up into the sky. The Holy Bible was written as a true account of what our biblical ancestors witnessed. These are not fairy tales or made- p stories.The ancient people who wrote the books of the Bible fully believed in everything they were writing, Just as modern man would Journal his own experiences as accurately as possible. However, our biblical ancestors did not have the modern terminology to explain the things that they saw as we would today. They explained what they saw as accurately as they could using terms that made sense to them. As author and ancient astronaut theorist Erich Von Daniel said â€Å"If you change a few words in the old text, a few key words, you change the sense of the old text. Daniel)† Our biblical ancestors did not know the word OF.Instead, they described a strange pillar of cloud which followed them, lit their way by night, and led a nation to safety. They described a star that led them too savior. They tell of a strange metallic â€Å"wheel intersecting a wheel† that descends from the heavens like a â€Å"whirlwind†. Just as they did not know the word OF, they did not know the word extraterrestrial alter. I nesses Delves Tanat ascended Trot ten sky on great clouds and in great chariots of fire were clearly much, much more advanced than them, so ancient man felt that they had to be Gods, angels, guardians of the sky, or watchers.

Proper Role of Government

Describe the government and domestic environment of the country where your company is headquartered, then describe the international environment. Outline what organizations you may be associated with. (Example; WTO, OPEC, etc. ) Examine the 1st  country of International growth you outlined in your 10 year vision. Why did you strategically select that country? In what ways will your company contribute to the foreign country’s economic development? Are there any political concerns associated with expansion into this country? Why or why not? How do you plan to develop a good working relationship with the foreign country?Government Regulation on Media in AmericaPut together a SWOT analysis for your company. (This is considered an exhibit) Put together a PEST Analysis (exhibit) for the country you identified as the country into which your initial global expansion will take place. While maintaining its relationship with the United States, Japan has diversified and expanded ties wi th other nations. Having good relations with its neighbors can be a vital interest. Japan extended significant economic assistance to the Chinese in various modernization projects and supported Chinese membership in the World Trade Organization (WTO). AIG† Japan contains in depth information and data about the company and its operations. The company contains an overview, business description, financial ratios, SWOT analysis, key competitors, key facts, key employees, locations and branches as well as information on products and services. The SWOT analysis the company profile can be crucial for the industry executives and anyone looking to gain a better understanding of the company’s business. So, the SWOT Analysis utilizes a wide range of primary and secondary sources.As learned from reading the chapters and from the PowerPoint slides, SWOT is an abbreviation for the internal Strengths and Weaknesses of a firm and the environmental Opportunities and Treats facing that f irm. SWOT analysis is a widely used technique through which managers create a quick overview of a company’s strategic situation. The technique is based on the traditions that an effective strategy derives from a sound â€Å"fit† between a firm’s internal resources (strengths and weaknesses) and its external situation (opportunities and treats). A good fit maximizes a firm’s strengths and opportunities and minimizes its weaknesses and threats.Accurately applied, this simple assumption has powerful implications for the design of successful strategy. AIG (American International Group) is one of the world’s leading insurance and financial services organizations, with operations in more than 130 countries. With a market capitalization of like $200 billion, AIG is like in the top ten most company in the world. AIG’s subsidiaries are leading providers of retirement services, financial services and asset management around the world. The group was th e second largest insurance group in the world after China Life Insurance.SWOT (Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) Location| Types of Factor| | Favorable| Unfavorable| Internal| Strength * Global leading provider of financial services * Expanding global reach * Diversified product portfolio and new product development * Corporate advertising and brand building sponsorships| Weaknesses * US residential mortgage market exposure * History of regulatory investigations * Declining cost efficiencies | External | Opportunities * Acquisitions * Growth in asset management industry| Threats * US recession and volatility in financial markets * Industry consolidation|Japan has faced a number of external challenges over the long term, most of which relate to the rising importance of China and the associated threat to Japan's pre-eminent political and economic position in the Asia region. The country's long-term outlook is also strongly influenced by its demographics. Current trends indicate that the rate of decline in the working-age population will outpace that in the population as a whole. On the positive side, in 2021-30 Japan will see an increase in its rate of GDP growth per head to 1. 7% a year, from around 1% a year in the first two decades of the century.Productivity growth will also accelerate in the latter part of the long-term forecast period. The environment has some current issues with the air pollution from power plant emissions results in acid rain; acidification of lakes and reservoirs degrading water quality and threatening aquatic life. Japan is one of the largest consumers of fish and tropical timber. | 2012-20| 2021-30| 2012-30| Growth and productivity (% change; annual av)| Growth of real GDP per head| 1. 5| 1. 7| 1. 6| Growth of real GDP| 1. 0| 1. 0| 1. 0| Labour productivity growth| 1. 9| 1. 8| 1. 8|

Business Letter Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Letter - Assignment Example Business correspondence letters serve as a way of maintaining a cordial real relationship between the business and their customers. With globalization and international trade, business people are able to do business with each other while miles away from each other. Business correspondences letters help maintain a proper professional relationship between the two parties. The customers can write to the business in order to make any enquiries on the products and sources, and the business can in turn respond and offer the necessary information that the customer requires. This further helps in maintaining the business relationship at an international level. Secondly, I believe that business correspondence is a proper way of ensuring evidence for future reference. It is rather irrational to expect a business person to memorize all facts and information that may be exchanged via face to face conversation. When problems arise in the future, the business correspondence may serves as evidence and proof for both parties. Third, in my experience, I believe that business letters are an inexpensive way of communication, especially in international trade where the two parties may be too far apart. Although there are other modes through that the business partners may communicate such as telephone and fax, business information can be provided and obtained through letters. In addition, information on the product and the market itself is crucial for ensuring company survival in a highly competitive market. It would be irrational to expect the company obtain the necessary information required physically, especially in the international trade scenario. The end result will most likely be wastage of time in something likely not to achieve anything productive for the organization (Lindsell-Roberts, 2006). Through the use of business letters, the business man is capable of making enquiries globally on the product.

Sexual Abuse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sexual Abuse - Essay Example Many people suffer from sexual abuse, thus this offend should be paid much attention to. The reasons and motives of sexual abuse should be carefully analyzed in order to understand offender’s behavior to provide people with relevant instructions how to avoid danger. Many people think that sexual abuse is commonly committed by strangers. The definition of sexual abuse contradicts this opinion. Sexual abuse is rather defined as unlawful sexual act committed against a person by a relative or an acquaintance. This commonly applied definition testifies that sexual abuse is seldom committed by a stranger from the dark alley. Such cases happen, but they are not frequently met. According to the article, â€Å"Sexual violence: prevalence, dynamics and consequences†, â€Å" the perpetrator of a sexual assault may be a date, an acquaintance, a friend, a family member, an intimate partner or former intimate partner, or a complete stranger, but more often than not, is someone known to the victim. There is no stereotypical perpetrator; sexually violent men come from all backgrounds, rich and poor, academic and uneducated, religious and non-religious. Perpetrators may be persons in positions of authority who are respected and trusted (e.g. a doctor, teacher, tourist guide, priest, police officer) and thus less likely to be suspected of sexual violence† (â€Å"Sexual violence: prevalence, dynamics and consequences†). ... It is interesting that nowadays not only women become victims of rape, men also suffer from sexual abuse. However, in the majority of cases violent sexual acts are still committed by men (Denov, 2004). The first question that offender is asked in the police office is â€Å"why did you commit this crime?†. Therefore, the main task of criminologists is to reveal the reasons behind the crimes, the state of the offender, his thoughts and impulses before committing the crime. The researchers came to the conclusion that, first of all, sexual desire seldom becomes the reason of sexual abuse. A violent sexual act is an aggressive act, and usually the main wish of an offender is to dominate over women and control them. The sexual violence is directed on the humiliation of person’s dignity in order to make the offender’s self-esteem higher. Thus, rape is not only physical, but also moral abuse that has long-term consequences. In the article â€Å"Sexual violence: prevalen ce, dynamics and consequences†, it is stated that â€Å"the health consequences of sexual violence are numerous and varied, and include physical and psychological effects, both in the short-term and in the long-term. Most significantly perhaps, sexual abuse can have devastating long-term psychological effects, influencing and radically altering a person’s entire life course† (â€Å"Sexual violence: prevalence, dynamics and consequences†). In order to reveal the main reasons of rape, it is essential to analyze the social and cultural factors. The problem is that many social and cultural factors contribute to the problem of sexual violence. The prejudices, which have always existed in our society, prescribe that women always have subordinate

Asian Theatre and Drama Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Asian Theatre and Drama - Essay Example Decked up with a number of psychological and social issues, the play brought a remarkable fame to Tagore not only within the nation but across the globe as well. The combination of pathos and the humor operating hand-in-hand within the plot of the play enables a huge scope for a prolific presentation of the play on stage. Owing to this scope, a lot of modernization and improvisations have been incorporated within the plot of the original text while performance by various dramatists. PETA’s Ang Post Office which was performed in the 4th Day of the month of September in 2010, Directed by Grady Labad and Dramaturgy framed by Rustom Bharucha and the adaptation was done by Rody Vera. The entire play gives a different dimension to the language of humanity but the presentation of the ending scene, where the protagonist Amal is lying on the bed dying builds a spectacle unforgettable. The light, sound and action of the characters the moving of the bed, and the association of all the ch aracters on stage transformed the macabre of death into a panorama worth viewing that has the strength to percolate through the mundane inhibitions and comprehension of human mind and transport the audience into some space belonging to cosmic realm . Thesis Statement This essay intends to focus on the ending scene of the performance of Tagore’s ‘Post Office’ by PETA and the intensity of its presentation through which the group is able to take the viewers on a cosmic ride almost. Before analyzing the ending scene of the PETA’s ‘Post Office’ performance, it is very eventual to introspect into the original text from which the play has actually evolved; its themes, motif and most importantly a thorough judgment of its backdrop and context should also taken into consideration. Tagore’s ‘Post Office’ is a play from the pantheon of symbolic theatre. One can trace another plot running through the main plot of the play which is allegorical nature. The allegory inherent in the play, ‘Post Office’ by Tagore les at the pivotal motif of the play or the most potent theme considered. Illusion and reality at the end of the world and the eternal battle of life and death is the crux of the play. Tagore’s own fascination for the mysticism associated with death and life after death actually glossed the play, ‘Post Office’. Tagore’s idealism for the spiritual death finds profound expression through t he presentation of Post Office. The dynamics of skepticism regarding the physical and spiritual death all through his life gets a proper expression in the play, ‘Post Office’. Amal dies a physical death, but his physical death is not his actual death. Amal seems to die, but his physical extinction does not lead an end to life’s unceasing voyages2. The village doctor was about to maltreat and put him to death, but Amal feels that when a patient is visited by the royal physician, then no one can fall into the clutches of death so easily. Through the fabric of metaphors Amal awaits the King’s letter to come to him directly pondering upon the window through which he can see the Post Office. The door or the route to the endless road opens at the closing scene of the play. The royal physician himself brings the message for Amal, but the message of emancipation from the hands of the royal physicia

How can understaning elasticity of demand help a firm in its Essay

How can understaning elasticity of demand help a firm in its planningExplain how the different levels of elasticity influence behaviour within different market structures - Essay Example Elasticity of demand explains the extent to which consumers are willing to relinquish their consumption of a particular product due to price increase and vice versa. Upon setting goals and objectives of the firm, the management ought to strategise and plan operations that facilitate goal achievement. As noted earlier, revenues can be raised by either raising quantity supplied via expansion or altering prices. Quantity supply increment is associated with increase in costs and thus requires careful analysis and hence a long-term decision. On the other hand, due to the negative effect that price has on sales; its increment does not necessarily result to increased revenue, but rather depends on the proportionate change in quantity demanded. For that reason, decision maker ought to consider elasticity of demand before initiating a price alteration. As matter of fact, increase in price may either raise or lower total revenue, though it has no effect on cost. Moreover, planners ought to understand the determinants of elasticity and work, to their advantage, either to increase or reduce it. In an inelastic demand situation, a change in price results to a less than proportionate change in sales. A rational firm may therefore increase price as it adds to revenues. However, as price the consumer surplus reduces and hence consumer’s responsiveness to price increases (Guru, 2010). At the point where elasticity becomes unitary, it makes no economical sense to raise price, since the impact on revenues is negligible if not zero. Alternatively, reducing prices on elastic commodities increases revenues and vice versa. Remarkably, in an elastic situation, the change in price is offset b the more than proportionate change in quantity demanded. Among many other factors, elasticity ought to be a key variable in pricing policies. Secondly, elasticity of demand can be used to predict availability and

Powell v. Alabama Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Powell v. Alabama - Case Study Example Most of the local bar despite the order of the court withdrew from the case. Two attorneys did appear on behalf on the accused but the appearance could be described as superfluous at best because the attorneys had no opportunity to investigate the case and consulted with the defendants for only thirty minutes prior to the trials. Not surprisingly, eight of the defendants were convicted and sentenced to death after quick trials. There was a hung jury in the case of the remaining defendant. The lower court argued that each state is its' own sovereign and that accordingly, each state has the right to decide what it will and will not give to its' indigent defendants. One does not have an absolute right to counsel in the state system and a state cannot be ordered to pay for the defense of it's defendants. In one hundred and forty years, the legal governance of the states has never been interfered with, so why should it happen now The decision of the lower state court was reversed and remanded back to the lower court for further proceedings. Ultimately the court held that the fundamental due process rights of the defendants had been violated. The court found that fundamental due process rights carry both into the state court and the federal courts. One's due pro One's due process rights do not drop simply because there is a change in venue. Due to the lack of counsel the defendants were not granted a fair and impartial trial. Indeed, the entire proceedings were found to be deliberately contrived so as not to afford the defendants an impartial jury. Blacks were systematically not picked for the jury. The defendants were unable to prepare with their attorneys and finally were not even asked if they wanted attorneys. Supreme Court Decision 1. The rule denying the aid of counsel to persons charged with felony, which (except as to legal questions) existed in England. Page 287 U. S. 46 2. The rule that no part of the Constitution shall be treated as superfluous is an aid to construction which, in some instances, may be conclusive, but which must yield to more compelling considerations whenever they exist. P. 287 U. S. 67. 3. The fact that the right of an accused person to have counsel for his defense was guaranteed expressly (as respects the federal Government) by the Sixth Amendment, notwithstanding the presence of the due process clause in the Fifth Amendment, does not exclude that right from the concept "due process of law." Pp. 287 U. S. 66-68. 4. The right of the accused, at least in a capital case, to have the aid of counsel for his defense, which includes the right to have sufficient time to advise with counsel and to prepare a defense, is one of the fundamental rights guaranteed by the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Pp. 287 U. S. 68-71. 5. In a capital case, where the defendant is unable to employ counsel and is incapable of making his own defense adequately because of ignorance, feeble-mindedness, illiteracy or the like, it is the duty of the court, whether requested or not, to assign counsel for him as a necessary requisite of due process of law, and that duty is not discharged by an assignment at such a time and under such circumstances as to preclude the giving of effective aid in the preparation and trial

The descent (2005 film) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

The descent (2005 film) - Essay Example If you mix all these ingredients – it will be really scary. Throughout the film almost all the actions take place in darkness, that keep us in tension and this situation does not give us the chance to relax for a minute. It is so terrible, and here also turns out that the caves are inhabited by eerie creatures that are clearly intended to gobble up the girls. And the panic begins not only at characters but also at the audience. The sense of presence is created, and is not a reason to be frightened? The first half of the movie is really good. Firstly we are showed the good scenery, a house in the woods and of course beautiful views of caves, which I was really impressed. The scene of the girl’s talk after the collapse, I think the most interesting and most memorable moment of the movie (a panic, the flow of all the possible accusations of each other and blame game in this situation was shown excellent). Further, everything is still good enough too. Also an interesting point when one of the girls saw a monster for the first time, and when she began to tell about it her friends who did not believe her. I should notice a good shooting inside the cave. I think that just darkness allows to create the necessary atmosphere in this picture, as if the audience was plunged into darkness and chill of the damp cave. I did not like how the monsters were traced. But how weak and helpless they were in a battle that even weak girls could defend themselves so easy. Since the creation did not see anything and were guided only by the sound, it seemed to deal with them was too easy. It is also not clear why there were such enormous quantity of bones, and in some places even flashed toothy jaw of a wolf or of a bear, although underground creatures, if they went out into the street just could not hunt. When the girls approached the cave they saw the corpse of an elk, which, as I understand

North Carolina Drug Courts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

North Carolina Drug Courts - Essay Example Therapeutic justice encourages Drug Courts’ judges to address the underlying issues that lead to drug abuse (Cooper & Knotts, 2008). Since their inception in the year 1989, more than ten thousand drug offenders have taken part in Drug Court programs nationwide, and about 71 percent offenders have completed Drug Court successfully or are still involved in Drug Court (Hennessy & Pallone, 2002). This paper looks into the North Carolina Drug Courts. The North Carolina Drug Treatment Courts (DTC) were established in the year 1995 by law to monitor and enhance treatment services’ provision to adult offenders who are chemically dependent while holding them strictly responsible for adhering to their treatment plans as ordered by the court. Presently, North Carolina has about forty-two operational Drug Treatment Courts, which serve approximately 33% of apt intermediate-level lawbreakers. In the year 2001, the Drug Treatment Courts were expanded to take in substance-dependent par ents of abused or neglected children as well as juvenile offenders addicted to drugs. In July of the year 2004, in an attempt to intervene actively and bring crime and addiction cycle to an end, North Carolina’s General Assembly defined DTCs as an Intermediate Sanction/punishment that is under the Structured Sentencing statute. As expected, intermediate sanction offers an efficient substitute to the range of graduated punishment between incarceration and probation. As a probation requirement, lawbreakers at the intermediate level who are sent to DTCs should abide by the rules of the program; turn up as required, in addition to participating in alcohol or drug treatment programs, court supervision, as well as drug testing or screening (Davis, 2009). The North Carolina Drug Treatment Courts seek to diminish the alcohol and other drug-linked court workload, decrease alcoholism as well as other dependencies on drugs among juvenile and adult defendants and offenders and amongst re spondents in juvenile appeals for neglect and/or abuse; and to diminish delinquent and criminal recidivism and child neglect and abuse incidences. They also aim to endorse effectual use and interaction of resources amid community agencies, personnel in criminal and juvenile justice, and child protective services agencies; and to enhance the societal, familial, and personal answerability of juvenile and adult lawbreakers and respondents and defendants in juvenile appeals for neglect and/or abuse. Concisely, DTC’s overall aim is to attain a considerable break of addiction cycle that brings about recurring incidents of breaking the law. By improving the prospects of the substance-driven lawbreaker to remain socially responsible and free of crime and drug, the courts seeks out the reduction of the health system, justice system, as well as additional societal costs linked with enduring involvement in criminal activities as well as the use of drugs (The North Carolina Court System, N.d). The courts started offering case-tracking and treatment services in the year 1996. In its thirteen judicial districts, the state of North Carolina runs seventeen treatment courts for adults. It also operates juveniles’ drug courts as well as family drug treatment courts for parents who are attempting to recover guardianship of their children. Adult defendants who have

Prioritizing the IT Project Portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Prioritizing the IT Project Portfolio - Essay Example As such, re-evaluation is recommended. In addition to the external cutting edge technologies, the top management peruses a variety of processes to access the most appropriate project to be funded. For example, a company with well establihsed information technology infrustructure can consider building a facility from scratch or develop a unique product. The implementation and installation of support product willdefinately be outsourced. The decision to settle on such a project can be seen to be simple. However, there are other factors such as the management of project execution via costs, resources, milestones and schedules which must be in-check to ensure the success of the project. The management also faces the challenges related to supply chain oversight to make sure that materials, resources and equipments are availed on time whenever needed. The major concern is, "will the organization’s top management be able to integrate the project management processes with their portfo lio to attain both business value and project profitability?† A corporate intranet project priority portfolio Background Most organizations depend on the chief information officers to process the collected data and present it in a form that can be understood. They are also expected to spearhead innovation that solves the challenges faced by the organization. The chief information officers in turn, respond by suggesting a corporate intranet. This is a platform that ensures the organization’s prized assets are safeguarded, improve process work flow and link the employees (Sauter, 2010) Critical analysis of the exising literature and continous studies by Baum (2011) revelaed that the assumption that both business objective and employees requirements can be met in one-size-fits-all project is not realistic. The management always thinks that the project idea is noble. A single univeral project that provides a blueprint of the organization is enough. Sincerely speaking, this is imposible. The context of the chosen project can have relevant content for majority of employees but not all. The users are forced to mentally filter the project non functiona contents (Power, 2008). Some CEO creates a communication platform that is one-way. Ideally, it excludes the users’ efforts to approving and publishing their content. People are gravitated away from the project because of such restrictions. When developing a project, developers ignore the feedbacks from the users. The corporate project deployment process is always delayed untill all the requirments for various departmenrts are captured. This does not work very well. Doing an IT project in a modular or in phases does not imply that the business is not big enough. It enables one to integrate all the user functional and non functional requirments. The users are more comfortable when the responsibility of managing their user account and login credentials is left in their hands. The idea of forcing the use rs to login to the intranet is not well taken by the users. This is bacause they already have too much login credentails such as ticketin g tracking, ERP system login credentails and the organization’s CRM (Marven, 2010). The idea of login in is viewed by the IT department as a way of enhancing security but the users have an

Islam and Religious Group Essay Example for Free

Islam and Religious Group Essay †¢Religious groups (based on http://religions. pewforum. org/pdf/affiliations-all-traditions. pdf) oChristianity †¢Evangelical Protestant †¢Mainline Protestant †¢Historically Black Churches †¢Roman Catholic †¢Latter-Day Saints (Mormons) †¢Jehovah’s Witnesses †¢Orthodox (Greek, Eastern) oJudaism (Orthodox, Conservative, or Reform) oBuddhism (Theravada or Mahayana) oIslam (Sunni, Shia, Sufism) oHinduism †¢Ethnic groups (based on divisions in U. S. Census Bureau documents) oAsian (Asian descent) oBlack (African descent). oHispanic and Latino (South or Central American descent) oPacific Islander (Polynesian descent) oWhite (European descent) Part III Answer the following questions in 150 to 250 words each about the religious group you selected: †¢How does your selected religious group differ from other religious groups (such as in their beliefs, worship practices, or values)? †¢What has been the experience of your selected religious group with others that do not share its beliefs or practices? †¢In what ways has the religious group you selected contributed to American culture? †¢Provide specific examples of prejudice or discrimination your selected religious group has experienced. †¢What were the sources of this prejudice or discrimination? †¢Does what you’ve learned about this religious group help you understand it? In what ways? Answer the following questions in 150 to 250 words each about the ethnic group you selected: †¢How does your selected ethnic group differ from other ethnic groups (such as differences in ancestry, language, or culture)? †¢What has been your selected ethnic group’s experience with other ethnic groups? †¢In what ways has the ethnic group you selected contributed to American culture? †¢Identify some specific examples of prejudice or discrimination that your selected ethnic group has experienced historically. †¢What were the sources of this prejudice or discrimination? †¢Does what you’ve learned about this ethnic group help you understand it? How? Part IV Answer the following questions in 150 to 250 words each: †¢How are the prejudice and discrimination experienced by your selected religious group and ethnic group similar? †¢How are they different? †¢Can you draw any conclusions about discrimination from this comparison.

Developing Privacy in Clinics | Research Study

Developing Privacy in Clinics | Research Study Introduction Privacy has some deep historical roots, however because of its complexity; privacy has been difficult to define. It has often been a heated debate among sociologists, philosophers and scholars (Pritts,2015). The term â€Å"privacy† is frequently used, yet there is no universally accepted definition for the term. Confusion persists over the value, meaning and concept of privacy. At its core, privacy is experienced on a personal level and often interpreted differently by different people (Whitman, 2004:1153). Today, the term is used to signify different, yet overlapping concepts such as the right to disclose personal information about one’s self or to be free from intrusive searches (NRC, 2003:18). Our report focuses on Privacy within the Ikhwezi clinic, in the context of personal information and confidentiality. There are a variety of reasons to improving privacy within Ikhwezi, one being many theorists depict privacy as a basic human right. They see privacy as an essential component of the human well-being. Respecting privacy of an individual contributes to a human’s moral uniqueness (Pritts,2015). The ethical principle of nonmaleficence requires safeguarding personal privacy. Exposure of an individual’s privacy and confidentiality may not only affect their dignity, but may also cause harm (NRC, 2003:18). An example; if confidential information is passed on or over heard by another individual stigma, discrimination and embarrassment may be the end result. Thus, without some form assurance of privacy, patients may be reluctant to provide sensitive information to their doctor. Ensuring privacy can promote more effective communication between the staff of Ikhwezi and patients, which is essential for quality care. However, it is important that the perceptions of privacy differ among individuals, groups and different cultures. No matter how privacy is defined, it is an on-going battle among staff and patients in Ikhwezi Clinic. It is important that all members within our societies work together to ensure every patient are treated according to the Patients’ rights charter. 1.1 Research problem: Ikhwezi is a clinic located on the out skirts of Nomzambo, a rural area that runs parallel to the N2 (Medpages, 2015), tries to help their local community by prevention of disease and to promote community health by offering family planning services and other basic health care. The poor living conditions in Nomzambo entails the community to live restricted lifestyles where residents are susceptible to disease and live in poor conditions. This creates a constant worry among the residents about their health status. Ikhwezi Clinic is growing and struggles with an extreme form of a lack of privacy. 1.2 Problem statement: Ethical health practice and privacy protections both provide valuable benefits to society. Health treatments are vital to human health and health care improvement and protecting individuals’ rights is essential to the conduct of ethical practice. The primary justification for protecting personal privacy is to protect the interests of individuals (Nass, 2009: 10). Privacy is a large issue being faced within Ikhwezi Clinic. As a group we decided to focus mainly in Ikhwezi’s HIV waiting and counselling area. What would be an effective way to solve Ikhwezi’s privacy problem? Where is privacy a present issue in Ikhwezi clinic? How would patients benefit from privacy structures being implemented? Who would be affected most by the lack of privacy Ikhwezi clinic? 1.3 Background: Informal settlements have become a common problem in developing countries around the world due to the rapid population growth, social and economic systems (Ndingaye, 2005:1). Due to limited resources available and minimal municipal support, these settlements often face social and economic concerns that result in poor living conditions and transmission of disease, therefore health care is needed in rural communities. Ikwezi Clinic, located on the out skirts of Nimzambo, helps their local community and others by prevention of disease and promoting community health. Ikwezi is growing each and every day and sees an average of 500 patients a day. It is noisy, busy which results in a lack of privacy among the patients and staff. Literature review: This literature review will provide an analysis of privacy and privacy in third world countries . According to Gaede and Versteeg the relationship between social and health causes is poverty and food security (2011: 100). From whichever lenses or angle viewed, poverty poses, financial, emotional social and physical predicaments that puts residents in a state of jeopardy (Rose and Charlton, 2001:383 ). It deprives and often pushes victims of poverty to grapple in getting even their most basic needs. Deprivation in rural areas contribute significantly to the nation’s poor health status and has impacted the availably of healthcare services (Sankar, 2003: 659). Today, accessing affordable, good quality and comprehensive health care in South Africa remains a real challenge for many (Gaede and Versteeg, 2011: 101). Since 1994, there have been significant improvements in the healthcare system, an example; free primary health care (Sankar, 2003: 659). According to section 27 of the Constitution the right to access healthcare services is guaranteed. It went as far as creating The Patients Rights Charter in 1996 which includes confidentiality and privacy as a sub heading (Gaede and Versteeg, 2011: 101). However, even with this law set in place many patients are still unaware or misunderstands their legal or ethical legal right to medical confidentiality (Sankar, 2003: 659),( Lammes, 2005: 903) . Despite the diminished state of medical confidentiality it still remains highly important among medical practitioners and patients. Effective treatment requires accurate information. Patients are mostly likely going to provide the information needed when they do not have to worry about any of their private information being publicly exposed (Gaede and Versteeg, 2011: 100),( Nass, 2009: 12) . Communication between doctors and patients has attracted an increasing amount of attention within health care studies over the past few years. Notably the doctor-patient relationship is one of the most complex ones. It involves interaction between two individuals; often personal information is disclosed and requires close cooperation from both individuals. Inter personal communication is still the primary tool which the doctor and patient exchange information (Sankar, 2003: 660). Information exchange consists of exchanging information to establish the right diagnosis and treatment plan. However a patient is not going to freely discuss personally information if they do not feel comfortable or feel that their information will not be kept discreet (Sewell, 2013: 17). Privacy has some deep historical roots, however because of its complexity; privacy has been difficult to define (Sankar, 2003: 660). The same as in the Xhosa society, the term â€Å"privacy† is frequently used, yet there is no universally accepted definition for the term. Confusion persists over the value, meaning and concept of privacy ( Nass, 2009: 15), ( Lammes, 2005: 908). Privacy has been depicted as a basic human right by man theorists (Lammes, 2005: 904), (Gaede and Versteeg, 2011: 100). However it is felt that privacy is also a requirement when wanting to develop interpersonal relationships with others. By giving people the ability to control who knows what and who has access to their information would alter their behaviour with different people, allowing them to maintain and control various social relationships (Nass, 2009: 15) . The South African society has placed a high emphasis on an individuals’ right to medical confidentiality. Medical records can include some of the most intimate details about a person’s life. They often contain information about a patients mental a physical health, personal relationships and social behaviours. It is strongly advised for staff to reassure their patients that their information is kept confidential. It has been proven that when patients perceive that their health services are not confidential, they are less likely to seek care or disclose vital personal information (Lammes, 2005: 904). Protection of personal information is key, as it is sensitive, potentially embarrassing and private. However, if personal information is breached, the individual may face potential harm. The patient could face social harm as a stigma may be created, which may result in a cause of social isolation. These articles show that the protection of health care information is vital for ensuring that individuals’ seek and obtain quality health care. Methodology This research report is shaped by themes such as privacy, privacy in Ikhwezi and privacy experienced by different cultures. However, the fundamental goal of this project was to help a local rural clinic Ikhwezi in Strand from privacy issues faced within the clinic among the staff and patients. Objectives were established to obtain this goal: Gather information about privacy. Gather information about Ikhwezi, the patients and staff. To find where Ikhwezi struggles with privacy by interviewing patients and staff. Explore different options to alleviate privacy issues. Propose an idea or solution The most important aspects of research will be to find possible solutions to alleviate the privacy issue faced by both staff and patients in Ikhwezi, with the hope by the end of the research a solution could be recommended. 3.1 Research Type Literature review The literature review will take care of correcting the theoretical material available on privacy and rural clinics in third world countries around the world. It helps to widen the scope of knowledge, strengthen thoughts to be more independent on the discussion of the evaluation of the effects of privacy. Necessary background information and current situations will be looked at in order to gain more insight and knowledge. Case Study Case studies allow for in depth descriptions of the studies which generate a richness of perceptions while exploring, recording and reflecting data recorded. Case studies are particularly useful when one needs to understand specific people, situations, a particular problem or a unique situation in greater depth (Trochim, 2013). Why Choosing a Qualitative Approach? This study is done in a qualitative informative research paradigm. The reason to why the qualitative methodology was selected to gather information was because a certain issue and problem needs to be explored for this study. A complete understanding of the issue is required; therefore empowering individuals to share their stories would be the way forward (Thagaard , 2003: 12). Qualitative research allows one to place yourself among the subject matter within ‘real life’ situations which could also be referred to as a ‘natural setting’. Qualitative helps provide insights into the setting of the problem and helps generate ideas or hypotheses for later quantitative research (Trochim, 2013). Qualitative methodology allows one to also obtain first-hand knowledge about the social world and experiences of people in Ikhwezi. It also develops the analytical and conceptual components of explanation from the data collected. Another reason to why the quantitative method was selected as a form of gathering research was because most of the patients in Ikhwezi we not English speaking and illiterate, therefore a verbal and more personal interaction with the community would benefit this study Participant Observation To gather the needed research, our group made a two hour visit to Ikhwezi. We were given a guided tour and we were allowed to walk around freely. According to Thagaard (Thagaard , 2003: 15) observation is based on an attempt to understand the culture from the inside by participating with the subjects of the study. The position as an outsider can contribute to a more distanced perspective on the other culture. This, further helped by gathering more in-depth insight towards the problems faced. References : Gaede, B and Versteeg, M. 2011. The state of the right to health in rural South Africa. SAHR. 9(1): 99-106. Lammes, B. 2005. Doctor-patient communication: a review of the literature. Elsevier Scienc. 40(7): 903-918. Medpages, 2015. Ikhwezi Clinic. Medpages. [Online]. Avaiable: http://www.medpages.co.za/sf/index.php?page=organisationorgcode=113375. [25 February 2015]. Nass, J. 2009. Beyond the HIPAA Privacy Rule: Enhancing Privacy, Improving Health Through Research. United States: Institute of Medicine. Ndingaye, X. 2005. [An evaluation of the effects of poverty in Khayelitsha: a case study of Site C]. Bellville: University of Western Cape. (Unpublished Masters of Arts in Development thesis). NRC, 2003. Who goes there?: Authentication through the lens of privacy.Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. Pearson, M., Wilson, H. 2012. Soothing spaces and healing places: Is there an ideal counselling room design? . Psychotherapy in Australia. 18(3): 46 – 53. Pritts J. 2015. The importance and value of protecting the privacy of health information: Roles of HIPAA Privacy Rule and the Common Rule in health research. Bookshelf. [Online]. Available: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9579/#a20016f79rrr00082. [20 February 2015]. Rose, D and Charlton, K. 2001. Prevalence of household food poverty in South Africa: results from a large, nationally representative survey. Public Health Nutrition. 5(3): 383–389. Sankar, P. 2003. Patient Perspectives on Medical Confidentiality. J Gen Intern Med. 18: 659-669. Sewell, J. 2013. Overcoming barriers to HIV testing in the UK: Lessons from Kenya, Zimbabwe and South Africa. Mediscript Ltd. 13(4): 14-18, Winter. Trochim, W. 2013. Qualitative Measures. Research Methods and Knowledge Base. [Online]. Available: http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/qual.php. [20 February 2015]. Whitman, J. 2004. The Two Western Cultures of Privacy: Dignity. Yale law school. 113(1):1553-1221. Fall. The Trojan Horse Virus: An Overview The Trojan Horse Virus: An Overview Another type of malware that is not technically a virus because there is usually no auto-replication is a Trojan horse program, which seems to be something useful, as a free utility, but actually contains some kind of malware. The unhappy about a Trojan program that is running the software users willingly and still do not know what is causing problems on their systems. Rootkits are a form of Trojan horse programs that can monitor the traffic from a computer, monitor keystrokes and capturing passwords. Are the most modern backdoor on one system and are between the most insidious Trojan horse software because they can mask that the system has been compromised by changing the file system and drivers needed for the normal operation of the computer. Viruses A virus is a program that spreads, replicating it in other programs or documents. Its only purpose is to interrupt the operation of your computer or network by deleting or corrupting files, disk formatting or by using large quantities of computer resources. Viruses and worms that spread through e-mail attachments were common place for years. They are simple to avoid; just dont open any attachments from emails sent by someone who you arent expecting a message. Even if you know the sender, careful; malware programs may use address book from an e-mail program to send messages, causing you to believe that the message is safe. In fact, most virus scanners detect a virus or worm contained in an e-mail message and often excludes the annex before it ever reaches your Inbox, but if the virus is very new, it cannot be detected. Worm A worm is similar to a virus that replicates automatically, but a worm does not attach to another program; indeed, it is a standalone program. Worms are now more common than viruses, because with the Internet and network connectivity, worms in general do not need help to spread. Whereas a virus requires a user to run the program that contains the virus to operate and then copy this file to spread a worm can do their work without any help and can propagate through a network connection available. Some insidious actions that a worm can commit include using the network bandwidth, deleting files, send e-mails and creating backdoors in computers. NETWORK SECURITY POLICY Without a security policy, the availability of your network can be compromised. The policy begins with the assessment of risk to network and build a team to respond. Continuation of the policy requires the practical implementation of change management and monitoring of network security for breaches of security. Finally, the review process modifies the existing policy and adapts the lessons learned. The last area of responsibility is the answer. While often network monitoring identifies a security violation, the security team members that are the real solution and fixing of such violation. Each Member of the security team should know in detail the security features provided by the equipment in its operational area. While we define the responsibilities of the team as a whole, you must define the individual roles and responsibilities of the security team members in your security policy. Approving Security Changes Security changes are defined as changes to network equipment that can have an impact on overall network security. Your security policy must identify the requirements of specific security configuration in non-technical terms. In other words, instead of setting a requirement as no outside sources FTP connections will be allowed through the firewall, set the requirement as outside connections should not be able to retrieve files from inside the network. You need to define a unique set of requirements for your organization. The security team should review the list of simple language requirements to identify issues of design requirements or specific network configuration. After the team created the network configuration changes necessary to implement the security policy, you can apply these possible future configuration changes. Although it is possible for the security team review all changes, this process enables them to only review the changes that risk sufficient to justify special treatment. We recommend that the security team to review the following types of changes: Any change in the firewall configuration. Any amendment (ACL) of access control lists. Any changes to the configuration of the simple network management protocol (SNMP). Any change or update software that differs from the list of approved software revision. We recommend that you also meet the following guidelines: Change passwords for network devices on a routine basis. To restrict access to network devices to a list of approved personnel. Ensure that the current revision levels of environments software network servers and equipment are in accordance with the security configuration requirements. Monitoring Security of Your Network Security monitoring is similar for network monitoring, except focuses on the detection of network changes that indicate a security breach. The starting point for security monitoring is to determine what constitutes a violation. Conduct a risk analysis, we identify the level of monitoring required based on the threat to the system. By adopting security changes, we identify specific threats to the network. Looking at both of these parameters, I will develop a clear picture of what you need to monitor and frequency. In risk analysis matrix, the firewall is considered a high-risk network, indicating that he should follow. In approving security changes section, youll find that you must monitor for changes to the firewall. This means that the SNMP polling agent should monitor things such as failed login attempts, unusual traffic, changes to the firewall, access granted to the firewall and configuration of connections through the firewall. Following this example, create a monitoring policy to each area identified in your risk analysis. We recommend that the equipment of low risk, medium risk equipment weekly and daily monitoring equipment high-risk per hour. If you need more rapid detection, monitor in a short time interval. Finally, your security policy should address how to notify the security team of security breaches. Often, your network monitoring software will be the first to discover the breach. It should trigger a notification to the operations centre, which in turn shall notify the security team using a pager number, if necessary.

Economic, Cultural and Political Impact of Globalisation

Economic, Cultural and Political Impact of Globalisation In this rapid changing world, globalisation affected people and states around the world largely. A British Labour Party politician, Clare Short, once said: People have accused me of being in favour of globalisation. This is equivalent to accusing me of being in favour of the sun rising in the morning. (Ridgers, 2012) This quote shows quite well that globalisation is the new ages of human history, which is inevitable. Most of the people think that globalisation is the process of interconnection between the people, companies, governments of different nations, in which driven by massively increased trade and cultural exchange (Navar, 2003). However, it may be too simplistic. Globalisation, in fact, has many underlying meanings and brings some unforeseeable consequences. Therefore, this essay will attempt to analyse globalisation and find out its true definition. In order to demonstrate this, this essay will discuss the meaning of globalisation in three dimensions: economy, culture and p olitics along with three waves of globalisation, namely hyperglobalist, sceptics, and transformationalists. Globalisation in economy dimension refers to the worldwide movement of the global economy, resulting in the increased interconnectedness of national economies with free transfer of goods, capital, and services across national borders (Guttal, 2007). Financial markets, such as credit markets, commodity markets and capital markets are the apparent examples. Base on the hyperglobalists perspectives, there are four main factors that lead to the process of globalisation in the economy (Martell, 2007). Firstly, transportation advances. With the improvements in transport, a large number of people and goods are able to move more quickly (Guttal, 2007). As a result, the cost of transporting goods becomes relatively cheaper where there are many larger cargo ships available (Guttal, 2007). Also, it means that the cost per item can be reduced since the cost of transporting is the key reason which influences it (Guttal, 2007). Secondly, the freedom of trade. The typical example of it goes to the Europe Unions (EU) free movement and trade, which includes goods, workers, and services (Nayar, 2003). This promotes people in different European countries to open or do business in each others countries (Nayar, 2003). Thirdly, technology revolution. It offers a more accessible and convenient communication between people around the world with the birth of electronic communication devices, such as smartphones, email, faxes, and social networking websites or apps (Nayar, 2003). Lastly, labour availability and skills (Guttals,2007). It could tackle the problems of jobs and skills shortage in More Economically Developed Countries (MEDs) and reduce the unemployment risk in Less Economically Developed Countries (LEDs) in the meantime (Guttals, 2007). Moreover, it can take advantage of cheaper labour costs (Guttals, 2007). For example, Indian people whose country with the high unemployment rate are employed in Germany with lesser wages to fill the IT vacancies there (Campe, 2008). Since it seems that the process of globalisation is not inevitable due to the reasons above, then it may be appropriate to look at what impact will it make. Hyperglobalists say that capitalism is one of the many manifestations of globalisation (Guttal, 2007). As we know it today, capitalism is an economic system in which a countrys industry and trade are owned privately by people with minimal interference from the government (Campe, 2008). In this case, hyperglobalists claim that the growth of capitalism results from the rising interconnectivity between countries (Martell, 2007). They think that when the world becomes more integrated, the economies are becoming denationalised in which the relevance and authority of nation-state are declining (Martell, 2007). Also, they view the transnational corporation (TNCs); the companies that operate in different countries, becoming the biggest global influence and not nations, for example, Coca-Cola and MacDonald (Campe, 2008). Consequently, the global economy is considered to have integrated, accepted and included different parts of the world (Guttal, 2007). Hyperglobalists claim that global econom y brings some advantages. Firstly, global economy promotes the increasing international trade and the rise of the number of TNCs in which helps countries, especially LEDs by training the local people with new skills and jobs (Manu, 2000). Secondly, improvement in the standard of living that provide a better living condition for people living in countries that are globalising (Manu, 2000). For example, countries who welcome those foreign investments could earn more revenue as globalisation has brought about more opportunities for trade (Manu, 2000). The Singaporean government used this revenue to develop sectors, including welfare, transportation, and education. In contrast, sceptics perspectives consider global capitalism as a myth (Martell, 2007). They believe that the nation-states still have the responsibilities to control the flows of economic benefits even though the number of TNCs is increasing (Martell, 2007). For example, foreign investment flows into the control of several advanced economics (Martell, 2007). This shows that TNCs are still relevant to their original nation-states and gain profits for these states (Martell, 2007). They also look global economy negatively. They state that global economy is essentially not globally inclusive for two reasons; rising protectionism and increasing international inequality (Liedekerke, 2000). In economics, protectionism represents a method to restrain trade in goods and services (Liedekerke, 2000). Sceptics claim that the increased competition among nations is the main reason of causing protectionism (Teichmann, 2002). For example, the lower costs of labour in China and India make many comp anies have located their production facilities there (Teichmann, 2002). Benefiting from the increased revenue, these countries can rapidly develop their infrastructure like road networks and industrial parks, which further improve their attractiveness to foreign investors (Teichmann, 2002). Consequently, this strongly threatens developed economies such as Thailand and Singapore and more so for LEDs with poor political stability and infrastructure like Cambodia and East Timor (Manu, 2000). According to World Health Organisation (WHO), Economists predict that increased competition from low-wage countries will destroy jobs in richer nations and there will be a race to the bottom as countries reduce wages, taxes, welfare and environmental controls so as to be more competitive, at enormous social cost. Pressure to compete will erode the ability of governments to set their own economic policies and the move towards deregulation will reduce their power to protect and promote the interests of their people. (Liedekerke, 2000) When the protectionism leads to the higher international inequality, the income gap between countries is widening (Nayar, 2003). For instance, business owners in developed countries are able to outsource their operations to other countries in lower costs of production due to the improved communications and transportation (Nayar, 2003). As a result, higher retrenchment rates become higher, and income among the average workers reduce, turning into a phenomenon that the rich getting rich and the poor becoming poorer (Nayar, 2003). During 2012, the 29 richest states on earth generated 48 percent of the world output, whereas the 51 poorest nations contribute only 2 percent of the worlds total output (Manu, 2000). While the globalisation makes a huge change to business dealings, it also has cultural implications. Culturally globalisation refers to an interconnection of ideas, customs and values around the world (Guttal, 2007). In hyperglobalist perspectives, globalisation leads to the homogenisation of the world under American popular culture or Western consumerism (Martell, 2007). It states that globally people are enjoying the homogenised global cultures as the culture consumed is no longer exclusively from their own nation (Guttal, 2007). The national culture is declining significantly as people are interconnected with a universal culture (Guttal, 2007). For example, globalised culture shown in different areas, such as music, television, and sport. Firstly, music from certain countries has spread and sold across the world, notably the Beatles in the 1950s (Campe, 2008). People could learn the English language, English love stories, and ultimately culture through their lyrics (Campe, 2008). Secondly, Hollywood shows on television which originally produced for local audiences has been widely known in the world through globalisation. Consequently, the American culture, customs, performance, folk tales which appear in the Hollywood shows dominate global culture (Campe, 2008). Lastly, footballs popularity shows the globalised culture in sport. People with different nationalities would royally support the football teams. Also, it is common that there are many football players in a team are of different nationalities. Moreover, football is included in Olympic Games. In this case, hyperglobalists say that the emergence of the new technologies is the key role in promoting the global culture, particularly Internet and Satellite communication (Campe, 2008). People all over the world could receive the news, messages or information instantly from these corporations. However, sceptics view the global culture differently that it is, in fact, Western Imperialism (Teichmann, 2002). They criticise that globalisation poses a threat to classical nationalism where Western cultures dominate over all others (Teichmann, 2002). They also condemn that globalisation inevitably leads to the clashes of culture as the speed of globalisation has been accelerated significantly by the improvement of technology (Guttal, 2007). The noteworthy example can be found in migration. In the United States, the melting pot, which refers to the assimilation of migrants into one single culture, has been happening (Campe, 2008). Another example can be found in Hollywood films, in which poses a powerful influence in the global film industry (Campe, 2008). It is found that 95 percent of the global movies are produced by the USA whereas, on the African continent, only 42 films are produced each year. On the other hand, transformationalists argue that globalisation refers to the int ermingling of cultures and people (Guttal, 2007). It is said that cultures are hybridised and transformed into new forms (Teichmann, 2002). Politically globalisation means the expansion of the worldwide political system (Koshy, 2001). In the hyperglobalist opinion, political globalisation challenges the nationalism, which leads to the decline of national-state and the loss of national sovereignty (Koshy, 2001). International organisations including the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and the European Union (EU) superseded the nation-states to take the lead in decision-making (Haynes, 2003). Many states sovereignty is weakened when the membership in intergovernmental organisation asks them to hand over (Agnew, 2009). For example, German students in Scotland unexpectedly are allowed to vote in elections to the Scottish Parliament. However, sceptics propose political globalisation in various ways, again. They say that states retain autonomy and sovereignty unevenly (Agnew, 2009). Some states have gained, and some have lost political power, for example, many states become stronger with more social democratic policies. They al so suggest that there is a great power inequality between the states (Liedekerke, 2000). The most powerful nations would use those international political body as a tool to impose their will for their own benefit and to exempt themselves from restrictions when it is disadvantageous to them (Koshy, 2001). Oppositely, some weak nations, perhaps, have no freedom to speak their will in front of these most powerful nations. In contrast to another two views, transformationalists see political globalisation in a relatively positive way (Haynes, 2003). They think there is a shared sovereignty between nation states and international organisations (Haynes, 2003). Nation states still have the power to make important decisions. States and international political body cooperate with each other to solve the global problems, such as demands for human right, environmental pollution, developments in international transport and communication (Haynes, 2003). In conclusion, this essay has attempted to demonstrate the meaning of globalisation in economic, cultural, and political dimensions. In these dimensions, it is not hard to see that technology revolution in recent years has played a vital role in the growth of globalisation. Moreover, with three perspectives on globalisation, it is likely to conclude that there are various meanings of globalisation in different dimensions and it is neither the totally positive nor negative. Globalisation helps as well as harms the world relations. Therefore, it is better to raise public awareness of globalisation, so that people could take it carefully to avoid the worst consequences. Bibliography Agnew, J A. (2009) Globalization and sovereignty.ÂÂ   Lanham: Rowman Littlefield Publishers. Campe, C.V (2008) Atlantic Community. Available at: http://www.atlantic-community.org/app/webroot/files/articlepdf/Globalisation%20and%20Nationalism.pdf (Accessed 12 March 2017) Guttal, S. (2007) Globalisation, Development in Practice, 17(4/5): 523-531. Haynes, J. (2003) Tracing Connections between Comparative Politics and Globalisation, Third World Quarterly, 24(6): 1029-1047. Koshy, N. (2001) Political Dimensions of Globalisation, Economic and Political Weekly, 36(18): 1513-1517. Liedekerke, L. V. (2000) Economic Globalization: The Political Challenge, Ethical Perspectives, 7(1): 37:52. Manu R. Shroff. (2000) Globalisation, Economic and Political Weekly, 35(7): 498-584. Martell, L. (2007) The Third Wave in Globalisation Theory, International Studies Review, 9(2): 173-196. Nayar, B. (2003) Economic Globalisation and Its Advance: From Shallow to Deep Integration, Economic and Political Weekly, 38(45): 4776-4782. Ridgers, B. (2012) The Economist. Available at: http://www.economist.com/blogs/schumpeter/2012/08/z-business-quotations (Accessed 12 March 2017). Teichmann, I. (2002) Globalisation. London: Watts

The Process of Obtaining a Home Mortgage Essay -- Business

To begin this executive summary, we first look at the issue of research. In our semester project we are discussing the steps one would take in order to get a home mortgage. The reason we have chosen to do this project is to see how one goes about not only becoming approved for a loan but also how to service your mortgage and keep it up to par. The sources that we used in obtaining this information were sources that were able to help educate us on home mortgage and also help us further understand the entire process. The web-site www.mortgage-x.com was to me the most useful in our research. This site provided thousands of articles on the issue, a glossary and dictionary to help us in our search, and also provided a number of links to other sites that could elaborate on a certain subject. One of the links that we visited was www.fanniemae.com, this site helped us further understand Fannie Mae and apply it to our research. With this extensive research we came across a number of main findings. The first was how one went about getting a home mortgage. We found that when applying for a mortgage the borrower must give a credit report, prove sources of income, show proof of any assets, and proof of any debts, i.e. credit card payments, car loans, ect. After the application process the applicant is either accepted or denied the loan, then the terms of the mortgage are decided upon. Terms of the mortgage can include length of the loan or interest that will be charged on the mortgage. Then a mortgage agreement is signed by the borrower and the borrower receives receives the mortgage and the financial institution begins to service the loan. Upon the closing of the mortgage, the financial institution begins to service the ... ...lue of the house and other factors. Sources 1) Gasper, Juli-Ann Ph.D, â€Å"Mortgage Securitization,† Power Point presentation— copyright 2002. 2) Hayes III, Samuel L., Mortgage Banking Harvard. 1992. 3) Home Buyer’s Guide. Omaha State Bank, 2001 4) Kidwell, David S., Richard L. Peterson, and David W. Blackwell. Financial Institutions, Markets, and Money. Harcourt College, 2000, Chapter 10. 5) Managing Your Mortgage. 18 Feb. 2002 http://www.mortgage- x.com/library/managing.htm. 6) Peterson, Doug. Personal interview. 18 Feb. 2002. 7) Mortgage Application. 18 Feb. 2002 http://www.mortgage- x.com/library/application.htm. 8) Transfer of Your Mortgage. 18 Feb. 2002 http://www.mortgage- x.com/library/loan_transfer.htm. 9) Understanding Fannie Mae. 15 Feb. 2002 http://www.fanniemae.com/aboutfm.

EuroDisney Case Analysis Essay -- Business Analysis Marketing France D

EuroDisney Case Analysis 1. What factors lead to EuroDisney's poor performance during its first year of operation? EuroDisney had a disastrous first year in Paris, France. There were many reasons that contributed to the horrible start. I am going to discuss six reasons why I think EuroDisney had such a hard time adjusting in Europe. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It was cheaper for European families to travel to Disney World in Orlando, FL. Not only was the trip to Orlando going to be cheaper, but it was almost guaranteed that the weather was going to be spectacular. People go on vacation to have a good time, but more importantly to enjoy the weather. People in Europe and around the world are not going to vacation at a spot where the weather is going to be unpredictable. France gets cold in the winter, therefore going to Disney World in Orlando would be more logical. It will be cheaper and the weather is going to be decent for whenever you choose to go. 2.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The French culture did not like the American Fairy-tale characters. The French had their own fairy-tale characters; one even has a park located near EuroDisney. Starting up a company internationally is an extremely hard task. Researching the culture of the country in which the company is going to be located is extremely important. When the plans to bring EuroDisney to Paris were finalized, they should have begun extensive research on the culture and history of France. By not doing that Disney may have insulted the French, but more so they hurt their chances of making money. 3.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The whole Disney idea was not sitting well with the French people. For example, during a trip to France in 1989 Michael Eisner was hit with eggs by a French columnist. When a culture shows somebody this much disrespect, take it as a hint and get out. The French people were extremely upset at the thought of having an American tourist attraction arrive onto their land. When Japan got Disneyland they welcomed it with open arms. Each culture and country is different as it pertains to other cultures. Japan?s successful adaptation to an American tourist attraction all but guaranteed its success in Europe. 4.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Disney?s had a reputation of maintaining a quality park for its customers to enjoy. The French people got upset when Disney began to market EuroDisney by referring to its size and glitz, instead of by the variety of attract... ... trying to conduct business will not be difficult. Communication is the key to business, without proper means of communication it becomes extremely difficult to conduct business. The English people would love to have a little piece of America in their country, so why not give them the largest theme park, Disneyland. Of course proper research is going to be conducted to determine how and where the park is going to be constructed. Cultural background checks are going to be extensive, and the park is going to cater to the English culture and way of life. Another reason I chose England was because of the rich history that it has. Without England America would not be around. Tourists that travel to England would get a treat in Disneyland. With England?s history why not add an enormous tourist attraction. The country would benefit from a great deal from Disneyland, more tourists will visit and more revenue will be made. The entire country would benefit from the arrival of Disneyland, b ut more importantly the people will benefit. Disney characters are so popular, so why not expose them to people who are not fortunate enough. With Britain?s similar culture it would be a perfect fit.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   EuroDisney Case Analysis Essay -- Business Analysis Marketing France D EuroDisney Case Analysis 1. What factors lead to EuroDisney's poor performance during its first year of operation? EuroDisney had a disastrous first year in Paris, France. There were many reasons that contributed to the horrible start. I am going to discuss six reasons why I think EuroDisney had such a hard time adjusting in Europe. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It was cheaper for European families to travel to Disney World in Orlando, FL. Not only was the trip to Orlando going to be cheaper, but it was almost guaranteed that the weather was going to be spectacular. People go on vacation to have a good time, but more importantly to enjoy the weather. People in Europe and around the world are not going to vacation at a spot where the weather is going to be unpredictable. France gets cold in the winter, therefore going to Disney World in Orlando would be more logical. It will be cheaper and the weather is going to be decent for whenever you choose to go. 2.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The French culture did not like the American Fairy-tale characters. The French had their own fairy-tale characters; one even has a park located near EuroDisney. Starting up a company internationally is an extremely hard task. Researching the culture of the country in which the company is going to be located is extremely important. When the plans to bring EuroDisney to Paris were finalized, they should have begun extensive research on the culture and history of France. By not doing that Disney may have insulted the French, but more so they hurt their chances of making money. 3.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The whole Disney idea was not sitting well with the French people. For example, during a trip to France in 1989 Michael Eisner was hit with eggs by a French columnist. When a culture shows somebody this much disrespect, take it as a hint and get out. The French people were extremely upset at the thought of having an American tourist attraction arrive onto their land. When Japan got Disneyland they welcomed it with open arms. Each culture and country is different as it pertains to other cultures. Japan?s successful adaptation to an American tourist attraction all but guaranteed its success in Europe. 4.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Disney?s had a reputation of maintaining a quality park for its customers to enjoy. The French people got upset when Disney began to market EuroDisney by referring to its size and glitz, instead of by the variety of attract... ... trying to conduct business will not be difficult. Communication is the key to business, without proper means of communication it becomes extremely difficult to conduct business. The English people would love to have a little piece of America in their country, so why not give them the largest theme park, Disneyland. Of course proper research is going to be conducted to determine how and where the park is going to be constructed. Cultural background checks are going to be extensive, and the park is going to cater to the English culture and way of life. Another reason I chose England was because of the rich history that it has. Without England America would not be around. Tourists that travel to England would get a treat in Disneyland. With England?s history why not add an enormous tourist attraction. The country would benefit from a great deal from Disneyland, more tourists will visit and more revenue will be made. The entire country would benefit from the arrival of Disneyland, b ut more importantly the people will benefit. Disney characters are so popular, so why not expose them to people who are not fortunate enough. With Britain?s similar culture it would be a perfect fit.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Nature is as Man Decrees :: Writing Technology Invention Essays

Nature is as Man Decrees I found this assignment far more difficult than I thought it would be at first glance. While thinking about it on the way home from class, I discarded one idea after another because technology had touched nearly everything I would think of. As Dennis Baron, author of From Pencils to Pixels wrote, once we are used to certain technologies â€Å"we come to think of them as natural rather than techEven thinking about going to a national park, the truth is that just by setting it aside as a "natural" state...makes it in essence, not natural because were it not for the decrees of humanity, it would be over run with fast food stores and gas stations. In fact, sadly, writing is in one sense both creative and destructive to nature. A tree is destroyed for the very paper we write on. The question arose, is there really any such thing as natural in the 21st Century or is that a word that no longer applies in its truest sense. That, of course, led to thoughts on just what is "natural." My insti nctive definition of natural is that it is not influenced or hampered or changed by humanity. So in some regards I think my initial conclusion is correct, that at least here in the Midwestern area of United States, finding something in nature that was not influenced in some way by technology or human interference might prove impossible. So the words that would end up being my project ran round and round in my head on the long ride home, â€Å"Nature is as man decrees, hedged by his technologies.† Later on while still pondering exactly what to do in order to "create" a writing technology, I ended up, most often coming back to..."Well, if I was a Native American in this area and I wished to write something...what would I use?" We tend to have the idea that the people native to the area didn't use technology and thus could offer suggestions on what is natural. Still, that brings to the forefront, what is technology, because in reality the natives did use technology, if a pencil is considered technology, as Dennis Baron in "From Pencils to Pixels" asserts it is. He defines technology as â€Å"a way of engineering materials in order to accomplish an end† (37). So in this regard, sewing, tomahawks, and all the other tools we think of as Native American are technologies even if we don't see them on the same level as a computer.

Between A City Life and a Country Life Essay

There are benefits of living a city life and a country life. The country life has better life style because there is less people to deal with. Crime rate is reduce in the country life. You got more things you can do without having people complain. It is peaceful and quiet. The city life advantages is easy way to get to a job. A faster way to get to the supermarket, Restaurant, Movie theater. The disadvantages of city life is that is way to crowded and crime rate is high and too much noise. see more:country living vs city living One of the advantages of the city life it is a moderate city. It has a lot of opportunity for jobs and other places. A good education because it has a lot of schools in the city and you can always know where to find your kid to pick him up. There are more places to shop for groceries in the city. There are more things to do with friends. Another advantages of the city life is lot of places to live in the city. They are more houses for sale and apartments to rent in the city so it will be easy to find a place and more people to help you pay for the rent. More easy access to get money out from ATM machine all over the city. A third advantage is that a lot of places are hiring so it is easy to get a job and when you live in a city you can get to job your faster and you will save gas. The disadvantages of the city life is they are more violence and murder. They are more cops because of the crimes that are committed in the city. Another thing is the pollution in the city because lot of people drive and take the bus and all of the factory and business that release chemicals in the air harming the city. Another disadvantages is the you have to follow house rules and community rules. You have to keep your house and lawn neat all the time. Another disadvantages is that you cant do certain things that you want to do without breaking the rule of the community. The advantages of the country life are that you got a whole land to yourself and you can do anything you want on your property. The crime rate is down and there is less murder. Another advantages for a country life is that you can have bon fire and party without noise complain. You also can do mudding in your house in the country life. Another advantage is for country life that you can have a farm and sell livestock and raise animals without too much people complain. A third advantages is that you can go fishing on your own property and not get into trouble, also you can skin a deer in your own property. The disadvantages of the country life is that you live to far away from the city so you will be wasting more gas to go to stores and other places to get stuff that you need to live. Second you have to deal with the smell of other people animals. Also you may not get cable or internet because some cable company don’t go out to the country side. A third disadvantages is that you have to deal with the hard work that you have to do if you buy any farm. Both life styles have good qualities and bad qualities. I believe that country life is better because the peace and quiet. The country life is a place for people that love to work and love to just have they own land that they can take care. I prefer country life over city life because I like the peace and quiet of the country and not the noisy life style of the city life. The country life style is the better choice for people who like the peace and quiet life style.

Pest Pizzahut

ENVIRONMENTAL AND INTERNAL ANALYSIS OF PIZZA HUT In our visit to Pizza Hut we conducted research on PEST (Political, Economic, Social and Technological) Analysis. In the internal analysis of Pizza Hut we have considered SWOT of the Company. PEST (Political, Economic, Social & Technological) i. POLITICAL ISSUES: Political issues include regulatory frame work operating in judicial system which may affect the business in different ways. There are not many political factors in Peshawar affecting Pizza Hut as is lack of competition. Factors such as laws on business employment, pollution and taxation apply on the organization which it has to follow regarding the rules. ii. ECNOMIC FACTORS: If the county’s economy is better so the GDP of the country will be good, this is a green signal for the business as the per capita income of the people will be increased and they will spend more money. In our survey we came to know that most of the people in the beginning of the months spend more and they visit pizza hut very often. When the inflation rate increases the cost of raw material also increases and this leads towards high prices of the products and vice versa. iii. SOCIAL FACTORS: Pizza hut is a multinational and it is basically originated from America so the organization is overwhelmed by western culture. There are social forms of society which consist of Upper class, middle class, middle upper class, lower class and lower class. Every country has cultural norms, values, beliefs and religion which can affect the organization. iv. TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS: Now a day’s technology is improving so as baking and heating ovens will be of new and efficient technology and will provide efficient service. Due to new technology there are new ways of marketing like internet; telemarketing and the organization can advertise their products with much more faster pace. Computer based customer data that is MIS (managing information system) helps in collecting customer data, daily transactions, future forecasting and decision making. New vehicles will make their service more efficient. ?

Perception and Portrayal of the Abolitionist

Societal values have changed so much since a hundred years ago. The development of science and the introduction of many intellectual movements have contributed much to these changes. Ideals which were deemed erroneous or immoral can be accepted and welcomed, and those widely accepted as scientific truths and fact can be debunked and proved wrong as well. But it is wrong to assume that every pillar in society can be changed. Several values and ideals have stood the test of time and were deemed universally and chronologically constant, because this is how society wants them to remain.These values, standards and norms therefore could be likened to a lens, since society uses these things to assess situations and the environmental factors they are exposed to. Everything that happens can be processed differently by different individuals, depending on the lens that he or she uses. There are some who manage to deviate from the norm and use unconventional â€Å"lenses† to view their en vironments and act upon situations differently than the usual. Similarly, how these people are viewed by the rest of society depend on the current value system.Usually, many of these revolutionaries become ostracized or even killed for their beliefs, as the changes they want to bring about may not agree or even violate some of the accepted norms and ideologies. John Brown is one such revolutionary, proposing change in the midst of pro-slavery America. His unconventional ideas and methods went against many standards of pro-slavery society that many saw threatening. However, as times changed and some values and ideologies were revolutionized, society’s views on John Brown’s life also changed.Some viewed him as a brilliant man who saw through American society’s fault, or a hero who died for the freedom of men who were stripped of liberty. Some also viewed him as a madman, a crazy zealot and one of America’s first terrorists. John Brown is also portrayed in v arious ways in popular culture, as his life and words are used in songs, plays and TV shows. Statement of the Problem As a prominent American historical figure, society’s opinion on John Brown is highly influenced by culture and value systems. However, it is a given that some of these values continuously fluctuate and some remain throughout time.With the changes in time and values from the time of John Brown’s active action and his death, how did public perception of him change? If so, what are the factors that affect these changes? Objectives This paper seeks to shed some light on how John Brown was viewed throughout history and time and what factors affected these perceptions of his character. An analysis of information regarding his portrayal in popular culture and a discussion on how these portrayals came about shall be included in this paper. Significance of the StudyThis study is geared towards looking at and analyzing John Brown’s life and seeing how soci ety viewed him while he was alive and after his death. Since it has been established that there has been a conflicting public opinion regarding John Brown, this study will help shed some light on the reasons for this differing public opinion and analyze the factors that contribute to these differences. Using John Brown as a base, sociological dynamics can be more fully understood. Scope and Limitations This study shall only be using online articles, journals and some books as its reference.Data shall be gathered from these materials and a suitable data analysis by the author shall be the basis of the conclusions made in this paper. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A. Abolitionism and Slavery in the United States The Roots of Slavery Slavery in the United States involved the selling, purchase, ownership of African or even Native American slaves. It first began when the English built their community in Virginia in 1607 and ended up being widely-accepted tradition until 1865. Many of the s laves were gathered from pagan countries and this was written into law by 1705.In Columbia, a slave is defined in law as a human being who is â€Å"deprived of his or her liberty for life and is the property of another. † It was legal to own and keep slaves for as long as they were still alive from 1654 to 1865. By 1860, ownership of slaves has become so widespread that a fourth of the population during that time are comprised of slaves. Disease, famine and damages caused by the war against Native Americans have kept available labor down, and this made importation of slaves more palatable for many business men. The slaves were treated as capital for labor intensive commerce such as the cash crop industry of tobacco.They were considered as the life line of the south’s agricultural industry. A large proportion of the slaves were owned by farmers from the south, as a single farmer there owned an average of 20 slaves. Labor intensive commerce was mostly found in the south as these regions grew tobacco, cotton and sugar as primary exports. Many of the slaves were found in these farms, and here they contributed much to the economic welfare of the country. Racial basis of slavery were not only applied to Africans and Native Americans, but also to some members of the Caucasian race.Some Europeans were also utilized as slaves under a contract to pay debts. These white slaves were only held for a limited amount of time and not fully owned like African slaves. Westward Expansion The westward expansionist tradition of the country not only brought about territory, but it also spread both the tradition of slavery. Many of the cotton farmers moved west and brought their slaves with them. Historians call this period the Second Middle Passage. Many of the slaves were forcefully removed from their families and communities to work for new farms in the west.This slave exodus marked one of the most significant periods in African slavery. African slaves were subjected to psychological stress due to their forceful exclusion from their families and familiar environments. The westward movement was extremely difficult. Aside from the psychological hardship that being away from their families presented, they were also subjected to physical difficulties. Most of them were forced to travel on foot, only stopping in temporary holding pens for slaves where further slave trade was performed. The slaves were mobilized in shackles and chains as traders feared violence ensuing from the slaves.In their destination, extremely difficult work was waiting for them. Many of the areas in the west were still undeveloped, and so the burden of clearing forests, building barns and pioneer-planting crops in the fields were placed on the slaves’ shoulders. Alongside the exhaustion from the intense labor, unfavourable working conditions and amenities contributed to the high mortality rate of newly arrived slaves. This condition was so economically unfavourable for the slave owners that many of them resorted to temporarily renting slaves than using their own to complete the work.Many of the slaves resisted after being exposed to such dreadful conditions which ultimately gave the farmers and their overseers more reason to resort to cruelty and aggression to control slaves. Brutalities towards the slaves were institutionalized by the court. Overseers can physically harm slaves and in some cases, even kill the dissenting slave. The owners were authorized by court to use the slaves and their families at his disposal. Members of the family can be used by the owner to pay-off debts or increase income by selling them as slaves.It is common to find slave families broken and hurt from the separation of husbands, wives and children from one another. The slaves were given amenities and benefits like food, health care and clothing but only to a bare minimum. Disabling slaves by maiming them and executions for fugitive slaves were allowed by law. Sexual ab use and rape of the slaves was also rampant. In court, slaves were considered sub-human. If one does commit a crime, however, he is considered as an entity capable of thought and act, and thus is regarded as a rational being.With all these brutalities toward slaves, it is important to note that the treatment of slaves is dependent on skin color. Light-skinned slaves were dressed, fed and treated better than the dark-skinned ones who worked mostly in the fields. Anti-slavery supporters coming from the north knew of the brutalities and abuses inflicted on the slaves of the south. They sought to stop the institution of slavery, and this produced much tension between the two parties. The north’s movement to abolish slavery went against the economic favourability of slavery during that time.The economy dictated the increasing value of labor intensive industries in the south, and so labourers are needed more than ever. Abolitionist movement With the enlightenment and awareness of p eople regarding human rights came the abolitionist movement. Slavery was something that violated the basic tenet of human rights and dignity, and so it had to be abolished. Northern states have begun to pass acts which declared that all men were born free and equal. Several movements that involved religion and political movements highly influenced the strength and expanse of abolitionist ideals throughout the country.The movements that supported abolitionism varied in method and degree. Some were pacifist, as they tried to use the legal system and passed legislation seeking to make slavery illegal. Others utilized literature and the press like Harriet Beecher Stowe, the author of the famous novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin. Religious movements declared slavery to be sinful and un-Christian, to discourage believers from keeping and owning slaves. Only a minority of abolitionists used to armed revolt and instigation of unrest and anger among the slaves as the main machinery to further t heir cause.The movement continued its stride to abolish slavery, but its strongest anchor point came with the election of a known contester of slavery, Abraham Lincoln, as president. With the head of state holding this position of opposition of slavery, the south felt that their way of life was endangered and threatened. Economic repercussions will be felt by their planters in the cotton, tobacco and sugar farms if the hands that worked in the plantations were to be set free. The zenith of the tensions between the south and the north was the American Civil war.It broke out when the south organized and removed themselves from the control of the American government. Rise of Abolitionism Historian James McPherson defined an abolitionist as a person who has fought for the abolition of slavery in the United States before the Civil war. American abolition started early on, as there were several groups already fighting for the liberation of slaves, such as the Society of Relief of Free Neg roes Unlawfully Held in Bondage, and there were several institutions which prohibited slavery already.Several states had passed laws that completely prohibited slavery in their territories. Those who joined the American Anti-Slavery Society or other groups were abolitionists. These movements were not unified, and so could not boast a unified strength. Vermont was the first territory to make slavery illegal, and Pennsylvania was the first state to abolish slavery in 1780. Then several states followed Pennsylvania’s example while some states chose to limit slave trading. Many of the states in the south retained the institution of slavery as it was the region’s life line in their plantations.Their strong adherence to the institution drove them to take a defensive stance against the rising popularity of the abolitionist movement. Many abolitionist writers distributed many anti-slavery writings and literature to the south to help spread the ideologies. Novels, pamphlets and other forms of writing began to circulate not just in the north, but also in the southern region. Southern officials were enraged at the act, and thus moved to ban all types of literature that might instigate rebellion and changes in the south. Violence was even employed to stop the circulation of antislavery media in the south.Elijah Parish Lovejoy, the editor of an abolitionist newspaper was murdered by a mob of pro-slavery southerners. His printing press was also destroyed. Abolitionists recognized the fact that slavery needed to be abolished everywhere in the country, but the north cannot interfere with the affairs of the south because of federal ruling. Because of this, many abolitionists focused on liberating the north and skipping the southern states. Some abolitionists were frustrated and did not like this idea, as they believed that every state should be free of slavery.The movement was further fortified by the support of free African-Americans and their church. With the i ssue of the constitution, the American Abolitionist movement split up into two groups, the Garrisonians, led by William Garrison and Wendell Phillips and another camp led by Spooner and Gerrit Smith. The Garrisonians believed that the constitution promoted slavery while Spooner’s group believed the constitution to be antislavery. Since slavery was unconstitutional, it could be abolished with the blessing of the law.More divisions in the abolitionist movement arose, but because of the social classes of the abolitionists themselves. The artisans and elites divided themselves on the issue of slavery as well. The Underground Railroad was used as a venue by many abolitionists to become more active in the cause for abolition of slavery. Many of the fugitive slaves were illegally transported away from their masters to be free men via this rail. But the railroad was made illegal by the passing of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850. But this did not stop the abolitionists from providing s helter and transporting slaves to freedom.